Environmental Management
M. Voynarenko; A. Kholodenko
Abstract
In this study criterion of maximum profit intensity for transportation problems, in contrast to the known criteria of minimum expenses or minimum time for transportation, is considered. This criterion synthesizes financial and time factors and has real economic sense. According to the purpose of this ...
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In this study criterion of maximum profit intensity for transportation problems, in contrast to the known criteria of minimum expenses or minimum time for transportation, is considered. This criterion synthesizes financial and time factors and has real economic sense. According to the purpose of this paper, the algorithm of the solution of such a transportation problem is constructed. It is shown that the choice is carried out among Pareto-optimal options. Moreover, the factor of time becomes defining for the high income from transportation, and the factor of expenses – at low ones. Not absolute but relative changes of numerator and denominator become important when the criterion represents the fraction (in this case – the profit intensity as the ratio of profit to time). A nonlinear generalization of such transportation problem is proposed and the scheme of its solution in a nonlinear case is outlined. Graphic illustrations of Pareto-optimal and optimal solutions of transportation problem by profit intensity criterion are also given.
Environmental Management
S.E. Kabir; M.N.I. Mondal; M.K. Islam; I.A. Alnaser; M.R. Karim; M.A. Ibrahim; K. Sopian; M. Akhtaruzzaman
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Extended producer responsibility has been a policy tool for managing solar photovoltaic waste in European Union countries for approximately a decade. Furthermore, EPR has been widely used in many countries for electronic waste and other forms of waste management. Several studies ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Extended producer responsibility has been a policy tool for managing solar photovoltaic waste in European Union countries for approximately a decade. Furthermore, EPR has been widely used in many countries for electronic waste and other forms of waste management. Several studies have recommended this tool to sustainably manage solar photovoltaic waste in countries transitioning to large-scale solar energy usage. Nevertheless, implementing a policy tool varies depending on numerous factors, particularly context differences in developed and developing countries. The research on adopting and implementing this tool for solar photovoltaic waste management is limited in developing countries. Bangladesh requires appropriate regulations to manage the impending waste, which will soon encounter substantial end-of-life solar photovoltaic panel volumes. Therefore, this study investigated the adoption and implementation of the extended producer responsibility policy tool within the context of Bangladesh.METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify the enabling and challenging factors influencing the implementation of this tool. Subsequently, a Likert Scale-based questionnaire incorporating the enabling and challenging factors was framed. A survey targeting stakeholders in the solar photovoltaic sector was then performed. Data analysis involved univariate and bivariate analyses, and Bangladesh was selected as a representative developing country for this study.FINDING: The results revealed that stakeholders in the solar PV industry significantly emphasized (mean > 3) all enabling factors associated with extended producer responsibility for adoption in their country to manage end-of-life photovoltaic panels. This observation signified the importance of adopting and implementing extended producer responsibility to manage the impending disposal of end-of-life solar photovoltaic panels. Among the enabling factors, the public expense reduction (mean = 3.97), user acceptance (mean = 3.89), eco-design encouragement (mean = 4.02), and the local recycling facility with secondary material market establishments (mean = 3.89) emerged as the most crucial factors. The solar photovoltaic waste-specific regulations (mean = 3.72), the absence of a pre-established collection network (mean = 4.20), and weak institutional capacity (mean = 4.03) were identified as challenging factors requiring special attention during this tool adoption. The inter-item correlation matrix analysis for enabling and challenging factors also demonstrated high significance. Moreover, Cronbach's alpha for enabling and challenging factors were 0.885 and 0.749, respectively. This outcome suggested a good and acceptable internal consistency level among the factors.CONCLUSION: Adopting extended producer responsibility was essential in developing countries to ensure the sustainable management of end-of-life solar photovoltaic panels. Nonetheless, successful implementation required addressing specific domestic concerns, such as the absence of a pre-existing waste take-back system and weak institutional capacity. Regulators should also proactively take measures to leverage enabling factors, including gaining users' acceptance, reducing costs, and potentially tapping into secondary material markets. Consequently, this study can assist in formulating appropriate regulations regarding the sustainable management of hazardous end-of-life solar photovoltaic panels. The findings can be utilized in Bangladesh and other countries encountering similar challenges, contributing to environmental preservation and eco-friendly development.
Environmental Engineering
P. Gholamiderami; P. Lahooti; H. Darbam
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce mulch by combining natural mineral and organic substances in order to reach soil stabilization and improve soil physical and mechanical properties in Koopal area. The effects of organic mulch (at 3 levels of O1: combination of 1% sugarcane bagasse biochar+0.5% gum ...
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The aim of this study was to produce mulch by combining natural mineral and organic substances in order to reach soil stabilization and improve soil physical and mechanical properties in Koopal area. The effects of organic mulch (at 3 levels of O1: combination of 1% sugarcane bagasse biochar+0.5% gum Arabic+0.5% gelatin; O2: combination of 3% sugarcane bagasse biochar+1% gum Arabic+1% gelatin; and O3: combination of 5% sugarcane bagasse biochar+1.5% gum Arabic+ 1.5% gelatin) and MNF organomineral mulch (at 3 levels of MNF1: 1%; MNF2: 3%; and MNF3: 5%) on soil were investigated. The soil samples were incubated for 2 and 4 months and finally placed in a wind tunnel. Some physical and chemical properties of soil were obtained as pH=7.42, O.M%=0.223, and soil texture of silty loam. The obtained results showed that compared to control, application of the mulches increased soil organic carbon percentage (1.1%), mean weight diameter (2.47 mm), geometric mean diameter (1.27 mm), penetration resistance (370), shear strength (27.38) and tensile strength (0.8) significantly and decreased soil loss (0.10 g/m2/s), fracture index, soil texture index (62.16), and crust index (1.18) significantly (p <0.01) in both incubation periods. Effects of the mulches on soil organic carbon were reduced after 4 months. In mulch treatments, soil loss rate, mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter and tensile strength were increased significantly. In general, the organic mulch could stabilize the soil and improve the physical and mechanical properties of the soil.
Environmental Management
R. Setiowati; R.H. Koestoer; K. Mizuno; H.S. Hasibuan
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The spread of Coronavirus disease limited the activities of humans in the globe in 2020 with Jakarta reported to have also struggled with the virus. The pandemic stopped humans from visiting public amenities such as urban green spaces which are one of the key components of ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The spread of Coronavirus disease limited the activities of humans in the globe in 2020 with Jakarta reported to have also struggled with the virus. The pandemic stopped humans from visiting public amenities such as urban green spaces which are one of the key components of sustainable and livable cities and have the ability to reduce the negative impact on mental health. However, there are limited studies on the behaviors and perceptions of humans toward the usage of urban green spaces during the pandemic. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the changes in the behaviors, perceptions, and visitation of residents towards the urban green space during the pandemic based on the socioeconomic aspects as well as the access and proximity to the parks and urban forests.METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed through an online survey on social media for approximately two months, from March to April 2021, and the last data recorded showed there were 1,660 respondents. The attention was on their perceptions and visitation to the urban green spaces spread across administrative cities in Jakarta, representing 42 districts and 239 sub-districts. Data obtained were analyzed empirically using the partial least square structural equation approach and SmartPLS 3.0 software to determine the relationship between the respondents’ characteristics and proximity to urban green space visitation.FINDINGS: The results showed that almost half of the respondents perceived changes in the urban green spaces and the majority believed the spaces were more useful during the pandemic. It was also discovered that the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents including age, education level, occupational status, and average monthly income differed statistically significantly from the criteria associated with the visitation to urban green spaces during the pandemic. The findings indicated that education was substantially associated with the decision to exercise and engage in outdoor recreation in urban green spaces. Meanwhile, not all houses close to the parks and urban forests have a statistically significant impact on their usage and this is the explanation for the non-correlation and non-causation.CONCLUSION: This study showed that the perception of urban green space by the people changed during the pandemic but its usage was reduced due to the closures and restriction policies implemented. It was also discovered that socioeconomic characteristics have a significant influence on visitation but not all accessibility factors were significantly affected and this is different from the findings of previous studies. Moreover, this study discussed and shared empirical evidence that depicts urban green space as a resilient urban infrastructure during the pandemic. This means it is necessary to promote sustainable urban planning through the development of urban green spaces to manage the medium and long-term crises.
Environmental Management
. Komalawati; S. Hidayat; R.H. Praptana; M.D. Pertiwi; A.S. Romdon; Y. Hidayat; R.P. Ramadhan; D. Yuniati; . Saptana; . Syahyuti; N. Khaririyatun; S. Ika; R.K. Jatuningtyas; . Subiharta; R.N. Hayati; S. Sudarto; M.P. Yufdy; B. Nuryanto; A. Prasetyo
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Indonesian Government is promoting sorghum as an alternative commodity to substitute wheat. The cultivation of this commodity on dryland is initiated in forestry areas through social programs. This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility, perception of farmers, ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Indonesian Government is promoting sorghum as an alternative commodity to substitute wheat. The cultivation of this commodity on dryland is initiated in forestry areas through social programs. This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility, perception of farmers, and environmental sustainability of sorghum-eucalyptus agroforestry in Majalengka.METHODS: This study innovatively combined qualitative and quantitative methods to assess economic, social, and environmental aspects across five dimensions, namely business organization, actors, working mechanisms, economic impacts, and sustainability of business and environment. Data were collected through focus group discussions and interviews with questionnaires, containing 5 dimensions and 23 attributes. The data collected were analyzed using the revenue-cost ratio, Likert scale, and scoring formulation, as well as multi-dimensional scale method. The level of environmental sustainability status and leverage attributes were examined using the Rapfish program and Monte Carlo analysis.FINDINGS: Sorghum-eucalyptus agroforestry was economically feasible with a revenue-cost ratio value higher than one. Farmers’ perceptions regarding the five dimensions of sorghum-eucalyptus were positive except for the operational mechanisms, and business and environmental sustainability. A distinfuished area of unfavorable perception was the use of sorghum waste as a substrate for renewable energy. The environmental sustainability index for sorghum-eucalyptus agroforestry was categorized as low except for the economic (61.9) and actor (52.3) which attained the moderately sustainable. The results showed that the sustainability analysis using multi-dimensional scale could be used as a guide in formulating strategies for enhancing and developing sorghum-eucalyptus agroforestry in the future.CONCLUSION: The problems in this study were related to the institutional governance of agroforestry business. The inclusion of the community, government, and private sector was unequal in carrying out the sustainability function of each dimension. The challenge for the future was proper and sustainable management of development efforts to realize economic sustainability, add value for society, and ensure environmental sustainability in agroforestry areas.
Environmental Engineering
L. Sulistyowati; Y. Yolanda; N. Andareswari
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Belawan Harbor is the third largest port, which is located in an estuary, causing the port water area to be vulnerable to pollution, especially heavy metals. Conflicts between the community and the port authorities often occur due to pollution. Heavy metals are dangerous ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Belawan Harbor is the third largest port, which is located in an estuary, causing the port water area to be vulnerable to pollution, especially heavy metals. Conflicts between the community and the port authorities often occur due to pollution. Heavy metals are dangerous contaminants for waters, and total organic carbon in waters is needed but will cause eutrophication if the concentration is excessive in the environment. The level of heavy metal pollution in the waters of the Belawan Harbor and the factors that cause the pollution should be analyzed, because the level of heavy metal pollution has not been measured in the sediments of harbor waters. This study can be used as a reference for the actions of related agencies in dealing with heavy metal pollution in waters.METHODS: Sampling of sediments was performed at 10 locations, starting before the harbor activity began and moving toward the open sea. Sampling was conducted using Van Veen grab. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in the laboratory using the atomic absorption spectrometer method to assess the essential heavy metal copper and non-essential heavy metal lead, cadmium, and mercury. Heavy metal pollution in sediments was assessed by analyzing sediment pollution index. The multivariate statistical analysis on the relationship among factors was conducted using Pearson correlation matrix method, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis.FINDINGS: The environmental quality standards used indicate average concentration of heavy metals; lead (28,869 milligram per kilogram) and copper (8,003 milligram per kilogram) are below the quality standard. The mercury concentrations are undetectable (<0.00011 milligram per kilogram) at each station. By comparison, the concentration of cadmium (1,455 milligram per kilogram) exceeded the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. Results of the index analysis show that the average value of the pollution factor of copper is −0.177 (low contamination), that of lead is −1.433 (moderate contamination), and that of cadmium is −4.850 (high contamination); the geoaccumulation index value of copper is −5.328. (not polluted), that of lead is −0.190 (unpolluted), and that of cadmium −1.657 (moderately polluted). As mercury concentration in sediments is relatively low, it is not considered when calculating pollution levels. Overall, on the basis of a pollution index of 1.033 (1 < pollution load index ≤ 2), this condition indicates that the waters of the Belawan Harbor are categorized as not polluted to lightly polluted. The highest total organic carbon is at the estuaries of the Belawan and Deli Rivers. The sediment fraction is 72.2 percent sandy, 16.4 percent sludge, and 11.4 percent clay substrate.CONCLUSION: Pollution in the waters of the Belawan Harbor is in the category of not polluted to slightly polluted. Although the pollution is still in the light category, this must be of particular concern to the relevant agencies, especially the local government, to make the right policies to overcome this pollution immediately. Pollution problems increase with the anthropogenic activities around coastal areas, as well as activities in the Belawan and Deli River watersheds, because the pollutant will flow from the upstream to the estuary area.
Environmental Management
T. Ukasha; N.U.H. Faisal; B.K. Adji; A.P. Nugroho
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Streams that pass through densely populated areas and business and industrial centers are continuously threatened by various pollutants, including metals and microplastics, originating from dispersed sources. Biomonitoring is necessary to evaluate the health of stream ecosystems, ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Streams that pass through densely populated areas and business and industrial centers are continuously threatened by various pollutants, including metals and microplastics, originating from dispersed sources. Biomonitoring is necessary to evaluate the health of stream ecosystems, considering that streams are essential ecologically and for human life. A biomonitoring approach through multimarkers can provide a comprehensive picture of the condition of stream ecosystems. It can identify biomarkers that are sensitive and specific to the presence of certain types of pollutants. This study evaluates the ecosystem health of Code Stream, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, through active biomonitoring by transplanting mussels Anodonta woodiana into cages at three stations, representing mild (station 1), moderate (station 3), and severe (station 2) polluted ecosystem conditions based on human activities around the stream.METHODS: The mussels were transplanted into the Code Stream. Then, on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, the organisms were taken, and their gills and mantle were dissected in the laboratory. The organs were analyzed for microplastic accumulation and characteristics, copper concentration, superoxide dismutase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase activities, metallothionein concentration, and deoxyribonucleic acid damage. Biomarkers sensitive to pollutants were evaluated by integrated biomarker response. The combined effects of the complexity of environmental factors on the biomarkers were analyzed by multiple-factor analysis.FINDINGS: The Code Stream waters at all stations were polluted with microplastics and copper. The increase in the two pollutants in the mussel organs was a function of time, with no differences among stations. The abundance of microplastics and copper concentrations in the water was closely related to their accumulation in both organs. Exposure to various contaminants in the stream strongly increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in both organs at the beginning of exposure in all stations, with the highest being at station 3. The acetylcholinesterase activity was strongly inhibited in the gills at station 2. The metallothionein concentration slightly increased, and the highest increase occurred in the gills at station 2. The deoxyribonucleic acid damage was more intense at stations 2 and 3. Integrated biomarker response analysis showed that deoxyribonucleic acid damage, catalase activity, and metallothionein concentration were biomarkers responsive to stream pollution. Multiple-factor analysis revealed that superoxide dismutase, catalase, and acetylcholinesterase activities were biomarkers that indicated the environmental pollution of Code Stream waters. Multimarker analysis confirmed that the pollution level at stations 2 and 3 was higher than at station 1.CONCLUSION: Active biomonitoring can offer a more accurate and comprehensive view of the time-dependent link between exposure and biomarker response. This active biomonitoring strategy identified sensitive and specific biomarkers for the presence of metal and pesticide contaminants in stream ecosystems. The pollution of Code Stream waters harms oxidatively stressed mussels and may endanger human health via the food chain. This work contributes substantially to understanding pollution exposure and its effect on mussels. It develops pollution-sensitive biomarkers for routine stream health monitoring. Mitigation activities involving diverse stakeholders and public education on sustainable management efforts must continue to achieve sustainable development.
Environmental Management
P. Hrytsiuk; T. Babych; O. Mandziuk
Abstract
Grain production is one of the Ukrainian agro-industrial complex main branches. An indicator of the grain production efficiency is its profitability. It is characterized by significant annual fluctuations that induce risk. Redistribution of existing grain crops areas taking into consideration their profitability ...
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Grain production is one of the Ukrainian agro-industrial complex main branches. An indicator of the grain production efficiency is its profitability. It is characterized by significant annual fluctuations that induce risk. Redistribution of existing grain crops areas taking into consideration their profitability can bring to increase of production efficiency. The paper observes Markowitz’s optimal portfolio theory appliance to grain branch. The central aim of this work is the development and justification of a new technique of sown areas portfolio risk evaluating. In this study, the annual profitability of four cereal crops cultivated in the Rivne region: wheat, barley, corn, and oats, have been analyzed. It is shown that the profitability of the cereals is not normally distributed. Under these conditions, the portfolio variance loses part of its informativity and can not serve as a good risk measure. It has been determined that the profitability of crops with good precision follows Laplace distribution (double exponential distribution). The analytical expression for Value-at-Risk measures has been obtained using the Laplace distribution function. Numerical risk assessments performed. Using a modified Markowitz model and obtained risk estimates the efficient frontiers of cereal sown areas portfolios in the Rivne region were constructed. Obtained results allow indicating ways for optimization the region grain industry structure.
Environmental Engineering
. Syafrudin; I.B. Priyambada; M.A. Budihardjo; S. Al Qadar; A.S. Puspita
Abstract
Sustainable food waste management is globally concerning, thus necessitating cutting-edge approaches and a thorough understanding. To address this complicated problem effectively, bibliometric analysis and multicriteria decision-making can be combined. Therefore, multicriteria decision-making methods ...
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Sustainable food waste management is globally concerning, thus necessitating cutting-edge approaches and a thorough understanding. To address this complicated problem effectively, bibliometric analysis and multicriteria decision-making can be combined. Therefore, multicriteria decision-making methods have become critical tools for navigating the intricacies of sustainable solution development. This study explored the complex field of sustainable food waste management by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of multi-criteria decision uses in this field. Using bibliometric methods, a methodological examination of the scientific literature was performed to identify important trends, contributions, and gaps in research on sustainable food waste. Decision-makers can be further empowered by using multicriteria decision-making to assess interventions across various dimensions, including environmental effects, economic viability, and social acceptability, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of this strategy and promoting interactions between researchers, decision-makers, and stakeholders. These guidelines directly followed the development of policies, business practices, and consumer behavior, indicating a more sustainable food system. The combination of bibliometric analysis and multicriteria decision-making offered a formidable instrument to reduce food waste, enhance resource efficiency, and spur progress in global sustainability initiatives in a world where sustainable behavior is crucial. The study results in decision-makers evaluating interventions and strategies holistically by concurrently considering the food waste dimension, a multicriteria model, economic factors, environmental factors, social factors, policy considerations, and technical feasibility are just some of the factors considered in this study. This analysis highlights the growing commitment to comprehensive solutions that focus not only on waste reduction but also on resource efficiency, environmental stewardship, and societal well-being as sustainable food waste management gains traction on global agendas.
Environmental Engineering
S. Gautam; G. Saini
Abstract
Industrial effluents are a menace to the environment and the fact that their characteristics vary from industry-to-industry only adds to the complex challenge they offer to the engineers and scientists. Resource-efficient and environment-friendly solutions to this hazard are a call of the hour. Coagulation, ...
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Industrial effluents are a menace to the environment and the fact that their characteristics vary from industry-to-industry only adds to the complex challenge they offer to the engineers and scientists. Resource-efficient and environment-friendly solutions to this hazard are a call of the hour. Coagulation, by synthetic chemicals, has been used as a cost-effective and efficient method for managing the effluents generated by a large number of industries. However, the synthetic chemicals themselves are a cause of concern due to their non-native nature, non-degradability, and health conditions associated with their left-over residues. Natural coagulants offer a cost-effective, environment-friendly, and sustainable alternative to the application of synthetic chemicals. Such natural coagulants, despite their demonstrated effectiveness in treating the industrial wastewaters, have their own limitations and are yet to be investigated for large-scale applications. The current work presents a state-of-the-art review of the natural coagulants' application in treating industrial wastewaters and their relative advantages and disadvantages as compared to the chemical coagulants. Future research areas have also been identified that may ultimately lead to the large-scale commercial application of natural coagulants and will result in an environment-friendly and sustainable solution to the problems created by industrial effluents and synthetic chemical coagulants.
Environmental Engineering
M.R. Yousefi; A. Noorzad; M.J. Mahmoodi
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Harmful ruptures and instabilities in landfills in recent years have highlighted the importance of studying the municipal solid waste and its behavior. These instabilities mostly occur in the landfill of developing countries where waste materials are degradable and saturated. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Harmful ruptures and instabilities in landfills in recent years have highlighted the importance of studying the municipal solid waste and its behavior. These instabilities mostly occur in the landfill of developing countries where waste materials are degradable and saturated. The behavior of waste and its ingredients are unknown as the main reasons for such instability. The main goal of this study was to better predict the behavior of landfills and unknown materials in municipal solid waste to prevent the environmental disasters.METHODS: A cylindrical specimen was modeled and subjected to triaxial test loading conditions using the finite element method. Also, fresh waste, as a waste sample with a specific composition, was investigated. Using the optimization method, the constants of the presented equation were obtained and the basic model of stress strain was presented based on composite theory.FINDINGS: The whole models for predicting the waste behavior were presented based on the behavior models of soils. This was carried out by the theory of composite materials, which was used for the first time in this study. At the strains of less than 30 percent, a well agreement was observed between the results of the numerical and the present methods. Also, at confining stresses less than 100 kiloPascal, the root mean square of the relative error percentages between the total stresses obtained from the present model and another model was less than 10 percent. At higher confining stresses, this amount was in the range of 10 – 20 percent.CONCLUSION: The results of this study were compared with those of the experimental data in previous models to verify the proposed model. The model proved to be capable of simulating and predicting the municipal solid waste behavior under various loading conditions efficiently. The results implied that assuming the municipal solid waste as composite material was reasonable and could be extended to future studies.
Environmental Engineering
N. Emalya; Y. Yunardi; E. Munawar; S. Suhendrayatna; T. Tarmizi
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The utilization of stabilization pond system for landfill leachate treatment is hindered by its requirement for expansive land areas and extended retention periods. Although the system effectively removes organic compounds, its ability to eliminate nutrients such as nitrogen ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The utilization of stabilization pond system for landfill leachate treatment is hindered by its requirement for expansive land areas and extended retention periods. Although the system effectively removes organic compounds, its ability to eliminate nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is comparatively limited. Consequently, the leachate subjected to treatment often falls short of meeting the mandated standards for effluent quality. In response to this challenge, a research study was undertaken to investigate the potential of utilizing a consortium comprising microalgae and bacteria in the treatment of landfill leachate.METHODS: The microalgae, bacteria, and leachate utilized in this study were sourced from a leachate treatment facility located at the Aceh regional domestic waste management unit in Blang Bintang, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. The two glass photobioreactors were operated batch-wise, where the first was provided with a combination of air and carbon dioxide, and the other was solely exposed to air. The pollutant removal efficacy in the leachate effluent was assessed through the measurements of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate concentrations. Subsequently, macroscopic identification of microalgae and bacteria species was also conducted.FINDING: Utilizing a consortium of microalgae and bacteria has demonstrated efficacy in treating leachate, resulting in a notable reduction of contaminants within the effluent. The symbiotic association between microalgae and bacteria in the context of leachate waste treatment is evident. The bacteria’s metabolic actions result in carbon dioxide emission, which subsequently serves as a substrate for the photosynthetic activities of the microalgae. The microalgae facilitate the transfer of oxygen, produced through photosynthesis, to the bacteria to support their metabolic processes. Therefore, introducing exogenous carbon dioxide to the consortium yields minimal discernible effects, given that the bacteria adequately fulfill the carbon dioxide requirements of the microalgae. This discovery enhances the efficacy of leachate treatment techniques by leveraging the utilization of pre-existing mixed cultures of microalgae and bacteria found in leachate facilities.CONCLUSION: This study evaluated the microalgae-bacteria consortium’s effectiveness in reducing leachate pollutants. The consortium exhibited a significant capability, achieving a 75 percent reduction in chemical oxygen demand and successfully eliminating a range of contaminants. Additionally, it demonstrated effective removal of nitrogen compounds such as ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite, with removal rates reaching 75 percent. Notably, the consortium showed a 99 percent removal rate for phosphate compounds. Even with the introduction of carbon dioxide, the pollutant removal remained consistently high, suggesting that the addition of carbon dioxide did not significantly influence the overall process.
Environmental Management
M.H. Mansour
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the various environmental challenges the hotel sector faces, there is a significant need to resolve them by applying sustainable techniques like green human resource management. As a result, there is a pressing need to investigate how green human resource management ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the various environmental challenges the hotel sector faces, there is a significant need to resolve them by applying sustainable techniques like green human resource management. As a result, there is a pressing need to investigate how green human resource management may improve environmental performance. This study investigates the causal linkage among environmental awareness, green human resource management, green behaviours, green performance, and servant leadership.METHODS: The data were collected via Questionnaires obtained from employees working in hotels in Amman, Jordan (52.5 per cent response rate). To evaluate the model, Smart Partial Least Square was employed to conduct validity and reliability testing and develop structural equation modeling.FINDINGS: According to the results, Environmental awareness mediated the effects of green human resource management and green behaviours on green performance. Green HRM was found to have a direct and substantial impact on Green Performance (β = 0.109, p < 0.005). A positive and statistically significant relationship between Green Behaviors and Green Performance was also found (β = 0.338, p < 0.000). Additionally, Green HRM has a favorable and significant effect on Environmental Awareness (β = 0.176, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, Environmental Awareness is positively and significantly influenced by Green Behaviors (β = 0.743, p < 0.000). Green performance positively relates to environmental consciousness (β = 0.186, p < 0.000).CONCLUSION: Based on social cognition, social exchange, and social learning theory, this study contains theoretical insights, practical implications, and positive recommendations for hospitality managers and scholars. Current research is critical because it emphasizes environmental stewardship in industries that directly connect to and influence the environment, such as tourism and hospitality. The study does not examine environmental performance and behavior in general but instead evaluates pro-environmental behaviors in depth by considering green behaviour.
Environmental Engineering
C. Tudsanaton; T. Pattamapitoon; O. Phewnil; W. Wararam; K. Chunkao; P. Maskulrath; M. Srichomphu
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Community domestic wastewater contains organic substances that can be decomposed through natural processes. Treatment using oxidation pond systems is popular in tropical zones because these locations provide a climate suitable for the growth and organic decomposition activities ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Community domestic wastewater contains organic substances that can be decomposed through natural processes. Treatment using oxidation pond systems is popular in tropical zones because these locations provide a climate suitable for the growth and organic decomposition activities of various bacteria that remove organic contaminants from wastewater. Given that bacteria play an important role in the biodegradation of organic substances in wastewater treatment plants, their degradation activity is used as an indicator of water quality. The purpose of this study is to examine the vertical variability of bacteria in natural treatment oxidation ponds in tropical zones.METHODS: Wastewater samples were collected from an oxidation pond at 3 different depths (0–0.6, 0.6–1.5 and more than 1.5 meter), and their chemical, physical and biological qualities were analysed. Next-generation sequencing techniques were used to identify bacterial diversity, and the water quality at each depth was applied as an indicator of bacterial degradation activities.FINDINGS: Community domestic wastewater contained 10 major bacterial phyla that differed at different depths. Amongst these phyla, the Actinobacteriota dominated (25.35 to 28.23 percent), followed by Cyanobacteria (19.49 to 21.57percent), Planctomycetota (15.50 to 17.41 percent), Firmicutes (9.97 to 10.79 percent), Proteobacteria (9.73 to 10.79 percent), Verrucomicrobiota (6.47 to 7.69 percent), Chloroflexi (2.79 to 2.99 percent), Bacteriota (0.96 to 1.41 percent), Acidobacteriota (0.70 to 0.80 percent) and SAR324 clade (marine group B) (0.69 to 0.61 percent). Four organic substances were found in contaminated domestic wastewater. 1) Photosynthetic cyanobacteria and phytoplankton performed aerobic degradation and accounted for the dissolved oxygen levels of 7.76, 7.45 and 7.42 milligrams per liter, respectively at various depths along the vertical profile. 2) Bacteria and archaeans that participate in carbon compound treatment included Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota and Euryarcheota. These bacteria exhibited a treatment efficiency for biochemical oxygen demand and low abundance at all depths. Biological oxygen demand increased to 23.11, 24.27 and 34.48 milligrams per liter with depth. 3) Nitrogen-cycling bacteria included nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. They belonged to the Actinobacteriota, Planctomycetota, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiota, Chloroflexi, Bacteriota, Protrobacteria and Acidobacteriota phyla. They exhibited an ammonia-nitrogen treatment efficiency of 91.73 percent. 4) Phosphorus cycling–related bacteria in the Actinobacteriota phylum presented the orthophosphorus treatment efficiency of 65.41 percent.CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that bacterial communities did not significantly differ along oxidation depth because they work together with chemotrophs, which participate in organic substance decomposition, and phototrophs, which are involved in oxygen generation and nutrient removal. All of the bacteria found in domestic wastewater benefit and support oxidation pond systems in tropical zones. Anaerobic bacteria can be found in wastewater and used in treatment systems due to their protective mechanisms against oxygen toxicity and self-repair mechanisms. The knowledge gained from this study can be used as a reference in future works on natural wastewater treatment systems.
Environmental Science
M. Stępień
Abstract
The problem taken up in the study is the management of the company in terms of costs incurred on the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The problem is important and topical in view of the possibility of increasing the efficiency of management in companies organizing their activities ...
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The problem taken up in the study is the management of the company in terms of costs incurred on the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The problem is important and topical in view of the possibility of increasing the efficiency of management in companies organizing their activities in the perspective of sustainable development. As a consequence of the formulated research problem, the aim of the study was to recognize and assess the relationship between the currently binding provisions of the balance sheet law in Poland, in the area of costs incurred for sustainable development, and the social, economic and environmental strategy to be implemented. All the presented deliberations are divided into two main parts, theoretical and empirical. The considerations presented in part one characterize the elements of cost management in a company in the context of sustainable development. The second part is a presentation of the results of empirical research on the determinants of sustainable development cost management in a manufacturing company. The study contributes to the discussion on the identification, allocation, and presentation of costs related to the implementation of the sustainable development strategy in the company. Conclusions from the conducted research suggest the necessity of separating analytical tools in the accounting structure of the company in order to identify and allocate costs related to the construction of the sustainable development strategy. This makes it possible to assess the extent to which the company's sustainability concept has been achieved. The research methods used to achieve the objective are literature studies, descriptive analysis, and case studies.
Environmental Management
S. Kasim; A. Daud; A.B. Birawida; A. Mallongi; A.I. Arundana; A. Rasul; M. Hatta
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Microplastic pollution has a far and wide presence in the surroundings. It can be encountered in the sea, wastewater, freshwater, food, air, and water sources. It is even present in refilled drinking water. This study aims to analyze environmental health dangers of the exposure ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Microplastic pollution has a far and wide presence in the surroundings. It can be encountered in the sea, wastewater, freshwater, food, air, and water sources. It is even present in refilled drinking water. This study aims to analyze environmental health dangers of the exposure to polyethylene terephthalate microplastics in refilled water sources in Tamangapa, Makassar City, Indonesia.METHODS: This research is an observational study with an environmental health risk analysis. Sampling was conducted in Tamangapa, Makassar City, Indonesia. A total of 100 respondents were involved. Additionally, 20 samples of refilled drinking water were examined in the laboratory using the Fourier Transform Infrared test. Data analysis was carried out by calculating the intake and risk quotient values. If risk quotient > 1, it is considered necessary to carry out risk management.FINDINGS: An average polyethylene terephthalate microplastic concentration of 0.0052 milligram per kilogram per day, an average intake rate of 210 milligrams per kilogram per day, an average exposure frequency of 350 days, an average exposure duration of 30 years, average intake exposure to polyethylene terephthalate microplastics above 0.0004, and an average risk quotient value above 1 were obtained. If they build up in the body, microplastics may have harmful consequences, including organ inflammation, internal or external damage, and chemical alteration of plastics that have already entered the body.CONCLUSION: Some measures of risk management that can be performed are to reduce the concentration of risk agents if the pattern and timing of consumption cannot be changed, reduce the consumption pattern (intake rate) if the concentration of risk agents and the time of consumption cannot be changed, and reduce the contact time if the risk agent concentration and consumption pattern cannot be changed.
Environmental Management
T.H. Truong; L.T.T. Nguyen; D.D. Nguyen; T. Pham; T.M. Vu; P.H. Nguyen; Q.T. Nguyen
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water security for food production in the deltas of international river basins has become the top concern of the basin countries. Numerous efforts were made to develop frameworks for the assessment of water security at different scales. However, no framework could be directly ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water security for food production in the deltas of international river basins has become the top concern of the basin countries. Numerous efforts were made to develop frameworks for the assessment of water security at different scales. However, no framework could be directly applied to the deltas of the transboundary basins because they have not fully addressed the characteristics of the deltas. This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for the assessment of water security for the international river basin deltas and applied it to the Vietnamese Mekong Delta.METHODS: The water security assessment framework was developed on the basis of the concept of water security defined by the United Nations Water following the “Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response” approach. The developed framework is then used to evaluate the water security conditions for 22 subregions of the Mekong Delta.FINDINGS: The proposed water security assessment framework comprises the following six dimensions: water resources, domestic water supply, water for economic development, water-related disasters, ecological and environmental protection, and water governance, which contain 21 indicators and 5 sub-indicators. The results of applying this framework to the Mekong Delta showed that the overall water security conditions in most subregions in 2018 were only at the medium level. The degree of water security in flood season is higher than that in the dry season. The main reasons that lead to the medium-level water security of the region have been identified, including high dependence on external water resources (more than 90%) and transboundary water cooperation between the basin countries and rather low water productivity in economic sectors. The study suggests that improvement in transboundary water cooperation and water productivity would help enhance future water security in the Mekong Delta.CONCLUSION: Assessment of the water security for the deltas of the transboundary river basins requires a comprehensive assessment framework. The framework developed in this study was successfully applied to the case of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The proposed framework will help policymakers of the Mekong riparian countries to monitor the impact of the basin development plans and policies on water security conditions jointly and determine appropriate solutions to enhance water security for the basin.
Environmental Management
A.S. Rama; . Yasri; P. Susanto
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the effect of green brand positioning and knowledge and attitudes toward green brands on green product purchase intention moderated by environmental awareness. Collected data were from 230 Generation Y respondents in West Sumatra, Indonesia, who ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the effect of green brand positioning and knowledge and attitudes toward green brands on green product purchase intention moderated by environmental awareness. Collected data were from 230 Generation Y respondents in West Sumatra, Indonesia, who intended to purchase a low-cost green car. The achievement of this research is the implementation of environmental management policies in West Sumatra by increasing Generation Y awareness to buy green products to maintain the carrying capacity of the environment and encourage changes in environmentally conscious behavior.METHODS: This study used a survey approach with a questionnaire. The population in this study is Generation Y in West Sumatra, who intend to buy low-cost green cars. This study used a nonprobability approach in the sample selection. A purposive sampling technique was applied, and data were analyzed using a structural equation model – the partial least squares method.FINDINGS: There are five crucial findings in this study. First, green brand positioning has a significant effect on attitudes toward green brands, green product purchase intention, and green brand knowledge, which are 0.192, 0.151, and 0.680, respectively. Second, green brand knowledge has a significant effect on attitudes toward green brands and green product purchase intention, which are 0.271 and 0.229, respectively. Third, attitudes toward green brands have a significant effect on green product purchase intention of 0.067. Fourth, attitudes toward green brands mediate green brand positioning and knowledge on green product purchase intention by 0.218 and 0.057, respectively. Fifth, environmental awareness has a moderating effect between attitudes toward green brands and green product purchase intention at 0.161 but does not have a moderating effect between green brand positioning and green product purchase intention.CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study are for green marketers to supply high access levels to green product demand because consumers are increasingly aware of environmental preservation, and marketers must emphasize quality, price, and advertising to increase demand for green products. Moreover, the respondents were only taken from West Sumatra Province, so the study results cannot represent the entire country (Indonesia). Therefore, further research should attempt to expand the sample size to include more provinces in Indonesia. Finally, this study used a cross-sectional research design, which gathered data simultaneously.
Environmental Management
F. Mardianti; D.E. Purba
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this era of globalization, clean water management is considered a complex problem requiring the strategic management of various aspects. Citizen participation in managing polluted waters is a critical, determining factor in preventing water crises. This study predicts the ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this era of globalization, clean water management is considered a complex problem requiring the strategic management of various aspects. Citizen participation in managing polluted waters is a critical, determining factor in preventing water crises. This study predicts the socioeconomic factors influencing citizens’ behaviors in polluted water management.METHOD: A survey on Jakarta’s clean water was conducted with 503 respondents in 2022. Three interest variables were studied: first action taken during contamination, water nuisance level, and willingness to pay for clean water. Control variables were also explored, including daily income, education level, age, marital status, and gender. Data were analyzed using logistic regression.FINDINGS: In general, socioeconomic factors influence citizens’ behaviors in dealing with polluted water. The specific findings regarding the probabilities for the first action on the basis of asking for immediate action from local authorities, namely, by asking other citizens, waiting for information from other citizens, and looking for sources of water pollution were –2.21, –3.50, and 0.61, respectively. The results also revealed the probabilities of nuisance level (0.07), willingness to pay for clean water (0.0495), daily income (–0.02), educational level (–0.429), and age (0.01). The probabilities for married citizens (–2.845) and men (–0.268) were lower than those for unmarried citizens and women, respectively.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study can be used to predict the management of water pollution among Jakarta citizens, as well as serve as a reference for related stakeholders. Socioeconomic factors can affect citizens in various aspects of life, including participation in water management. However, not all socioeconomic factors are directly proportional to citizen participation. In fact, other socioeconomic indicators are inversely proportional to what are expected based on theoretical assumption. Finally, educational level and income do not always translate to behavioral changes linked to water pollution management.
Environmental Science
R. Mitaphonna; N. Idris; M. Ramli; N. Ismail; K. Kurihara; K. Lahna
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami left a profound mark, triggering significant contamination of organic and inorganic chemical components in the water and soil of affected regions. The effects of the tragedy, which occurred almost twenty years ago, are still evident ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami left a profound mark, triggering significant contamination of organic and inorganic chemical components in the water and soil of affected regions. The effects of the tragedy, which occurred almost twenty years ago, are still evident in the soil as salt and metal pollutants continue to linger. It is crucial to conduct a chemical analysis of the soil samples obtained from the regions affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. This not only aids in identifying areas hit by the catastrophe but also facilitates periodic monitoring of chemical contamination levels. This study aims to promptly detect and measure chemical indicators in soil samples collected from areas in Aceh Province that were impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.METHODS: Three regions in Aceh Province, specifically Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, and Aceh Barat, were selected for the collection of soil samples following severe impact from a tsunami. Soil samples were obtained from regions unaffected by the tsunami, including Tungkob, Blang Bintang, and Pango Deah. Plasma was produced by concentrating a pulsed carbon dioxide laser beam on the surface samples. An optical multichannel analyzer captures plasma emissions with a spectrograph and photodiode array. Data is stored for processing with SpectraView software and compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology database for identification.FINDINGS: The utilization of a pulsed carbon dioxide laser for analysis revealed its superior ability to identify a wider array of elements with high intensity-to-background ratios, particularly excelling in the detection of zinc, chromium, copper, cobalt, and nickel compared to the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Chemical quantification through calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy closely correlated with x-ray fluorescence but surpassed x-ray fluorescence in rapid detection and identification of lighter elements. The concentrations of salt components and particular heavy metals in soil that was impacted by a tsunami exhibited a more than tenfold increase in comparison to soil that was not affected and was collected in 2006. Sodium surged from 0.02 percent to 4.18 - 4.95 percent, while calcium increased from 0.46 percent to 11.26 - 13.53 percent. Potassium concentration rose from 0.11 percent to 5.50 - 6.96 percent, alongside magnesium, which increased from 0.36 percent to 7.62 - 8.67 percent.CONCLUSION: The utilization of a pulsed carbon dioxide laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has demonstrated remarkable proficiency in the identification of a diverse range of elements. This technique has surpassed conventional methods like neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray fluorescence in terms of its detection capabilities. This study underscores the potential of a pulsed carbon dioxide laser as a versatile and reliable method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of soils from 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami-affected regions in Aceh Province, emphasizing its significance for environmental monitoring in disaster-affected areas.
Environmental Management
N. Shibaeva; T. Baban; V. Prokhorova; O. Karlova; O. Girzheva; M. Krutko
Abstract
Ukrainian agriculture creates 12-14% of GDP. Ensuring the conditions for sustainable economic development implies the use of adequate mechanisms for regulating economic processes by the government. In the process of formation and implementation of the organizational and economic mechanism of regulatory ...
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Ukrainian agriculture creates 12-14% of GDP. Ensuring the conditions for sustainable economic development implies the use of adequate mechanisms for regulating economic processes by the government. In the process of formation and implementation of the organizational and economic mechanism of regulatory policy, a system of indicators plays an important role in assessing the impact of such policy on the participants, monitoring and, in case of the deviation from planned results, adjusting regulatory measures. This research analyzes and systematizes the indicators that determine the organizational and economic mechanism of regulatory policy effectiveness in agriculture. The systematization of indicators to evaluate the organizational and economic mechanism of regulatory policy effectiveness in agriculture has allowed substantiating the methodological principles of its integrated assessment. Application of the proposed methodological approach to assessing the organizational and economic mechanism of regulatory policy effectiveness in agriculture in Ukraine was performed during 2010, 2016-2017 period. It revealed slow progress in the organizational and economic mechanism of regulatory policy efficiency during the investigated period. This result is primarily attributed to the lack of purposeful, systematic change management, the lack of mid-term planning, the strictness of most programs, imperfect financial instruments of the organizational and economic mechanism, and procedures for application.
Environmental Management
N. Zulvianti; H. Akmal; M.R. Putra
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sustainable tourism is tourism development that has a long-term impact on the environment, society, culture, and the economy for the present and the future. The benefits are felt by local people and tourists. The achievement of this research is the implementation of pro-environmental ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sustainable tourism is tourism development that has a long-term impact on the environment, society, culture, and the economy for the present and the future. The benefits are felt by local people and tourists. The achievement of this research is the implementation of pro-environmental behavior, which is supported by tourist satisfaction and electronic word of mouth toward sustainable tourism as a form of environmental management policy in West Sumatra. This research aims to show three direct effects: first, the effect of satisfaction and electronic word of mouth on the sustainability of tourism; second, the effect of satisfaction on electronic word of mouth; and third, three moderating effects of pro-environmental behavior, namely, moderating the influence of tourist satisfaction on tourism sustainability, moderating the influence of electronic word of mouth on tourism sustainability, and moderating the influence of satisfaction with electronic word of mouth.METHODS: This study is a quantitative study involving 420 tourists as respondents who visited West Sumatra from January to April 2023. Data analysis used partial least square–structural equation modeling. Structural equation modeling is a field of statistical study that can test a series of relationships that are relatively difficult to measure simultaneously. Partial least square is a component or variant-based structural equation model.FINDINGS: After analyzing the data, it was determined that of the six hypotheses proposed in this study, five were accepted and one was rejected. The rejected hypothesis states that with a significance level of 0.199 > 0.05, pro-environmental behavior does not moderate the effect of electronic word of mouth on the sustainability of tourism. These findings clarify that the impact of electronic word of mouth on the sustainability of tourism is not mitigated by pro-environmental conduct.CONCLUSION: When implementing sustainable tourism, not only economic factors are taken into account but also the preservation of nature and culture. Therefore, the stability of tourism in the future can be guaranteed without adversely impacting the environment.
Environmental Engineering
M. Dede; S. Sunardi; K.C. Lam; S. Withaningsih
Abstract
Landscape dynamics are a consequence of population growth, which can degrade river ecosystem services. Since various countries approved the millennium ecosystem assessment, it has inspired researchers to examine the relationship between landscape and river ecosystem services. Therefore, this study aims ...
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Landscape dynamics are a consequence of population growth, which can degrade river ecosystem services. Since various countries approved the millennium ecosystem assessment, it has inspired researchers to examine the relationship between landscape and river ecosystem services. Therefore, this study aims to summarize previous studies about landscape and river ecosystem services using a systematic literature review. This study referred to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Data were obtained from six databases of scientific publications such as Scopus, Pubmed, Directory of Open Access Journals, Scilit, Neliti, and Garba Rujukan Digital. The results show that research on this topic has spread worldwide. Landscape data, reflected in land use and land cover, came from various sources containing geospatial information and is combined with field surveys. There were 3-18 types of land use and land cover and it did not always reflect detailed information about the research area. Meanwhile, nutrient regulation and water quality attracted the most attention for river ecosystem services. The interaction between the two variables is revealed through inferential statistics and modeling. As representations of the natural landscape, forests and grasslands have a positive and significant contribution to river ecosystem services. Therefore, knowledge of landscape and river ecosystem services is a preliminary effort to understand environmental processes in achieving sustainability, also valuable input for conservation and rehabilitation strategies in many countries. This review can be a proper reference for environmental management, especially in the landscape changes related to river ecosystem services.
Environmental Engineering
O. Setiawan; H.Y.S.H. Nugroho; N. Wahyuningrum; D. Auliyani; K.S. Hardjo
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Micro-hydropower plants are significant contributors of electricity and clean source of renewable energy. A nationwide or large watershed inventory of potential micro hydropower dam sites is lacking, hindering micro-hydropower development. Traditional ground survey approaches ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Micro-hydropower plants are significant contributors of electricity and clean source of renewable energy. A nationwide or large watershed inventory of potential micro hydropower dam sites is lacking, hindering micro-hydropower development. Traditional ground survey approaches for locating micro-hydropower dam sites are expensive, time-consuming, laborious, and vulnerable to inconsistency. Geographic information system frameworks are commonly used, and they provide significant value to hydropower evaluation. A suitability approach for dam site identification is important in supporting the optimization of hydropower utilization in the context of watershed management and in eliminating the inconsistency of conventional approaches. The objective of this study was to identify potential sites for micro-hydropower dams on the basis of various parameters by using a suitability modeling approach based on geographic information system.METHODS: The Saddang Watershed was chosen as the study area, it is located in the South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces of Indonesia, and it is an example of a large watershed. The analytical hierarchy process was used for criterion weighting and to create a dam suitability index map based on the following criteria: geomorphometry, geology, rainfall, soil texture, and land use land cover. The developed dam suitability index map was validated by comparing it with existing dams by using the receiver operating characteristic curve. The identification of potential micro-hydropower dam sites involved overlay and query methods. It considers dam suitability index, proximity from road and settlement, existence of conservation forest, and the potential hydraulic head.FINDINGS: The dam suitability index map with five suitability classes was obtained, with the high and very high suitability indexes extending to 8.7 percent of the study area. These classes were typified by high drainage density, topographic wetness index, stream power index, low vegetation cover, moderate slope, situated on second or higher stream orders, normal temporal distribution of rainfall, and sandy clay loam soil texture with igneous and sedimentary complex rocks. The developed suitability model was sufficiently effective in determining dam suitability index, as indicated by a value greater than 0.9 of the area under the curve. A total of 635 potential dam locations were identified with high and very high suitability indexes, located on first or second stream orders, within a 4,000 m radius of roads and settlements, outside conservation forest areas, and with a potential hydraulic head greater than 20 meter.CONCLUSION: Integrating a dam suitability index map and restriction factors into a geographic information system framework, enabled a robust analysis for identifying potential sites of micro-hydropower dams. The proposed approach is expected to contribute to the advancement of renewable energy initiatives and water resource management within large watersheds. It is also expected to serve as a valuable resource for policymakers involved in the implementation of micro-hydropower projects and watershed management to support the achievement of renewable energy development targets.
Environmental Management
E. Ernyasih; A. Mallongi; A. Daud; S. Palutturi; S. Stang; R. Thaha; E. Ibrahim; W. Al Madhoun
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The rising number of vehicles used for transportation, which is attributed to the steady increase in population, is known to be a major contributor of air pollution, which, in turn, can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, in this study, we aimed ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The rising number of vehicles used for transportation, which is attributed to the steady increase in population, is known to be a major contributor of air pollution, which, in turn, can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the concentration of carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter in the air and their potential health risks and further examine the use of probabilistic methods to simulate the sensitivity of people living in communities and school children to these pollutants.METHODS: This study collected carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter samples from 32 stations near community houses and 14 sites near schools located along roads. Hazard quotient and target hazard quotient calculations were used to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to these substances for both community adults and school children. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations were applied to analyze the sensitivity and uncertainty risks. FINDINGS: As per the results, the highest level of carbon monoxide was recorded in station 22, with 6729 microgram per cubic meter, while the lowest was in station 24, with 1037 microgram per cubic meter. Station 10 had the highest concentration of fine particulate matter at 116 microgram per cubic meter, as opposed to station 2 with the lowest level at 10 microgram per cubic meter. In children, the hazard quotient value for carbon monoxide was found to be highest at 3.013, with the lowest at 0.614. Similarly, the highest level of target hazard quotient for carbon monoxide in children was 7.370, whereas the lowest was 1.522. For fine particulate matter, the highest risk level was 0.180. Additionally, the highest, and lowest levels of target hazard quotient for fine particulate matter were 0.311 and 0.037, respectively. Deterministic and probabilistic approaches were used to assess the risks these pollutants impose on adults and school children based on their daily inhalation rate. The results revealed that the 5th and 95th percentiles of cancer risk for carbon monoxide in adults were 2.85 and 6.11, respectively, indicating medium risks. However, for fine particulate matter, the 5th, and 95th percentiles were 0.09 and 0.19, respectively, signifying lower risks. For school children, the percentiles for carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter were 1.20 and 2.50, respectively, demonstrating higher risks.CONCLUSION: As per the results, it was determined that the hazard quotient risk for carbon monoxide in adults exceeded the standard, >1, thus posing a risk. Only three stations had hazard quotient values lower than 1, which is deemed of safe level. Most of the fine particulate matter risk assessment results had hazard quotient values lower than 1, indicating a safe level. However, all other 30 stations had exceeded the World Health Organization standard (>1), thus demonstrating risks. The likelihood of the inhabitants being at risk increased as the frequency of discrete exposure occurrences increased; this is evidenced by target hazard quotient calculation results for both carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter at the 32 monitored station areas. These results warrant that future research should focus on reducing carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter in the environment by fostering awareness among local and national stakeholders as well as the academe; this may allow South Tangerang to become a center of excellence for green schools in the area.
