Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas

Maulydia, N.B.; Idroes, R.; Khairan, K.; Tallei, T.E.; Mohd Fauzi, F.

doi:10.22034/gjesm.2024.01.23

Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Authors

¹ Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia

² Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

³ Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia

⁴ Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42 300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2024.01.23

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tridax procumbens L. is a plant that grows abundantly in the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to determine metabolite compounds from Tridax procumbens plants in a geothermal area using qualitative and quantitative analyses. In addition, the contents of six heavy metals in plants and their toxicology were assessed using an in silico approach.
METHODS: The ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens was analyzed qualitatively using reagents to determine the contents of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and saponins. In addition, quantitative analysis was conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy to obtain the chromatograms and mass spectra of the metabolite compounds of the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens, which were used in computational toxicology analysis using a simplified molecular input system in a predictor server. Atomic absorption spectrometry was conducted to confirm the contents of six heavy metals harmful to medicinal plants.
FINDINGS: The results showed that Tridax procumbens from the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area, Aceh, has secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins, with phytol from diterpenoid group having the highest content (32.72 percent). Toxicological analysis showed that the compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens were nontoxic or inactive in five toxicity parameters. The other results of the heavy metal analysis showed the dominance of chromium among the other six metals tested (copper, not detected; cadmium, 0.91 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; zinc, 3.50 ± 0.03 milligram per kilogram; iron, 4.65 ± 0.02 milligram per kilogram; lead, 6.42 ± 0.05 milligram per kilogram; and chromium, 13.81 ± 0.07 milligram per kilogram.
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the unique secondary metabolite composition of Tridax procumbens under such extreme conditions and underscores the potential implications of heavy metal accumulation in plants in geothermal areas.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

Tridax procumbens is a plant that can survive in the Ie-Seu'um geothermal area;
Chemical characterization and analysis showed the diversity of secondary metabolites present in procumbens;
Ecotoxicological insights from metabolite compounds show negligible potential to be toxic to humans and the environment;
In silico methods can be used to evaluate chemical compound toxicity.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Environmental health and ecotoxicology

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Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management

Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas

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Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 37
January 2024
Pages 369-384

Ecotoxicological insight of phytochemicals, toxicological informatics, and heavy metal concentration in Tridax procumbens L. in geothermal areas

References

References

Letters to Editor

Send comment about this article

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 37January 2024Pages 369-384

Volume 10, Issue 1 - Serial Number 37
January 2024
Pages 369-384