Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Authors

• N.D. Takarina ¹
• O.M. Chuan ²
• T.G. Pin ³
• I. Femnisya ¹
• A. Fathinah ¹
• A.N.B. Ramadhan ¹
• R. Hermawan ¹
• A. Adiwibowo ⁴

¹ Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Gedung E, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia

² Faculty of Science and Marine Environment University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

³ Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia

⁴ Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tropical coastal ecosystems globally have been affected by land use changes. This condition has caused a discharge of pollutants into the water, affecting marine organisms, including fish. Due to their habitat preferences, fish are prone to elevate heavy metals in their tissue. Considering fish is consumable, heavy metal levels in fish can lead to health risks. One of the common edible fish in Southeast Asia is Pennahia argentata. Although widely consumed, there is limited information on how land use influences heavy metal levels in various tissues of this species and its health risk. Fish is one of the main food sources in this region, indicating this information’s importance. This study aims to elaborate on and differentiate the heavy metal levels in tissues and land use types, including settlement and mangrove areas on the West Java coast of Indonesia.
METHODS: Locations of this study are the Jakarta coast representing anthropogenic influences in the form of settlements and the Subang coast as a site of mangrove covers. This study combined remote sensing and Geographic Information System analysis with heavy metal analysis using inductively coupled plasma and studied heavy metals, including cadmium, copper, and zinc, in fish tissues such as the gill, digestive tract, and muscle. Differences and correlation of heavy metal data in each tissue and location were statistically analyzed using Pearson correlation values (r), Analysis of Variance, and x²-test. The estimated Daily Intake was used to determine the health risk consumption of this species.
FINDINGS: All levels of heavy metals are below the World Health Organization’s permissible limits. Zinc is consistently high in all tissues and locations, while cadmium is the lowest. The result shows that the digestive tract consistently has the highest heavy metal levels compared to other tissues in both locations. Heavy metal in muscle has the lowest level. Copper and zinc in the muscles of fish living on the settlement coasts were 62.69% and 37.18% higher (P <0.05) than fish inhabiting mangrove coasts.
CONCLUSION: Trace elements in the commercial fish P. argentata were significantly affected by differences in land use. Variations in land use have elevated heavy metal levels in fish tissues. Given the high levels of heavy metals, the digestive tract can be chosen as a specific fish tissue to be used as a bioindicator to monitor cadmium, copper, and zinc, particularly on the West Java coast in Indonesia. Because the Estimated Daily Intake for zinc in Jakarta is high, consuming fish should be done with caution.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

•  Digestive tract and gills of argentata indicate zinc accumulation;
• Coastal settlement contributes to leveling heavy metal content on argentata;
• The order of trace element in all organs of argentata is Zn > Cu > Cd;
• Consumption of P. argentata may pose health risks. This risk is observed on children. 

Keywords

• Bioindicator
• Fish
• Heavy metal
• Land use
• Tissue

Main Subjects

• Environmental pollution (Air, soil, water and noise)

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