Marine sponge symbiotic bacterial bioremediation against heavy metal pollutants in tiger prawns; Penaeus monodon culture medium

Marzuki, I.; Pratama, I.; Asaf, R.; Athirah, A.; Nisaa, K.; Nurbaya, N.; Muslimin, M.; Nurhidayah, N.; Suwardi, S.; Sahrijanna, A.; Kamaruddin, K.

doi:10.22034/gjesm.2024.03.14

Articles in Press

Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Authors

¹ Environmental Chemistry and Bioremediation Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Fajar University, Jl. Professor Abdurrahman Basalamah, Panakkukang, Makassar, 90231, Indonesia

² Analytical Chemistry, Nanomaterial Technology Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Fajar University, Jl. Professor Abdurrahman Basalamah, Panakkukang, Makassar, 90231, Indonesia

³ Water Quality Laboratory, Environmental Sciences, Ecology, Aquaculture Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia

⁴ Environmental Science, Ecology, Marine and Freshwater, Biology Science and Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia

⁵ Aquaculture, Fish Health, Fish Diseases, Research Center for Fisheries, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia

⁶ Aquaculture Fisheries, Pathology Laboratory, Fish Health, Fish Diseases, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia

10.22034/gjesm.2024.03.14

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The quality and production volume of the cultivation of tiger prawn Penaeus monodon have decreased considerably in the last two decades. However, intensification and extensification efforts, including the application of cultivation technology through pond land recovery, have not produced expected results. Visible symptoms suggest potential issues with the cultivation water possibly originating from exposure to heavy metal pollutants. Therefore, this study aimed to remove heavy metal pollutants by using sponge symbiont bacteria bioremediators to increase the survival rate and quality of tiger prawn production. The achievements of this research are expected to contribute to the scientific development of environmental microbiology, bioremediation, and aquaculture pollution control.
METHODS: The study utilized Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria. The water used for tiger prawn post-larvae cultivation was treated with these bioremediator bacteria. The water had copper and lead ion concentrations that were 20 times greater than the maximum threshold value. The physical and chemical characteristics and parameters, such as dissolved organic matter, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia contents, of the cultivation water were monitored over a 30-day period. The specific growth rate in terms of weight and body length and the survival rate of the tiger shrimps were measured to evaluate the effect of the bioremediation process on the prawns. The concentrations of copper and lead ions in the cultivation water and within the body of the tiger shrimps were analyzed. The health of the tiger prawns was evaluated by observing signs of tissue damage.
FINDINGS: Among all the treatments, Treatment I with copper ion exposure had the highest average specific growth rate of the tiger prawns in terms of weight and body length, followed by Treatment II with lead ion exposure and Treatment III with a combination of both pollutants (the lowest). The intersection of copper and lead ion concentrations in the tiger prawns and cultivation media occurred in the cultivation period of 15–20 days. The use of Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria as bioremediators effectively remediated the copper and lead pollutants at an average of 99.34 percent and 97.18 percent of the initial concentration, respectively. Despite the bioremediation efforts, the tiger shrimps exhibited symptoms of tissue damage in the head, tail, and shell. These symptoms included necrosis, myopathy, and infiltration, which are indicative of decreased cell function due to the presence of toxic agents.
CONCLUSION: Bioremediation with Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria helped reduce the accumulation of heavy metal pollutants. However, negative effects on the health and growth of tiger prawns were still observed when the prawns were exposed to copper and lead ion concentrations below the allowed threshold value.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

Main Subjects

Environmental Science

OPEN ACCESS

©2024 The author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

PUBLISHER NOTE

GJESM Publisher remains neutral concerning jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

CITATION METRICS & CAPTURES

CURRENT PUBLISHER

GJESM Publisher

References

Abbasi, M.; Gholizadeh, R.; Kasaee, R.S.; Vaez, A.; Chelliapan, S.; Al-Qaim, F.F.; Deyab, F.I.; Shafiee, M.; Zareshahrabadi, Z.; Amani, M.A.; Shirazi, -M.S.; Kamyab, H. (2023). An intriguing approach toward antibacterial activity of green synthesized Rutin-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles decorated with nanosilver. Sci Rep., 13: 5987. (12 pages).

Abdelrahman, H.A.; Abebe, A.; Boyd, C.E. (2019). Influence of variation in water temperature on survival, growth and yield of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in inland ponds for low-salinity culture. Wiley Aquac. Research, 50: 658–672. (25 pages).

Al-Busaidi, M.; Yesudhason, P.; Al-Mughairi, S.; Al-Rahbi, W.A.K.; Al-Harthy, K.S.; Al-Mazrooei, N.A.; Al-Habsi, S.H., (2011). Toxic metals in commercial marine fish in Oman with reference to national and international standards. Chemosphere. 85: 67-73 (7 pages).

Ali, H.; Khan, E.; Ilahi, I., (2019). Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: Environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Hindawi J. Chem., 2019: 6730305 (14 pages).

Armus, R.; Selry, C.; Marzuki, I.; Hasan, H.; Syamsia, S.; Sapar, A., (2020). Investigation of Potential Marine Bacterial Isolates in Biodegradation Methods on Hydrocarbon Contamination. Conference. Series: J. Phys., 1899: 012006 (8 pages).

Avnimelech, Y.; Ritvo, G., (2003). Shrimp and fish pond soils: Processes and management. Aquaculture. 220: 549-567 (19 pages).

Bahiyah, A.; Wirasatriya, A.; Marwoto, J.; Handoyo, G.; Anugrah, D.S.P.A., (2019). Study of seasonal variation of sea surface salinity in Java Sea and its surrounding seas using SMAP satellite. IOP Conference Series: Earth Environ. Sci., 246: 012043 (12 pages).

Bapat, A.S.; Jaspal, K.D. (2016). Parthenium hysterophorus: Novel adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals and dyes. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 2(2): 135-144. (10 pages).

Beardsley, C.; Moss, S.; Malfatti, F.; Azam, F., (2011). Quantitative role of shrimp fecal bacteria in organic matter fluxes in a recirculating shrimp aquaculture system. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 77(1): 134-145 (12 pages).

Bellebcir, A.; Merouane, F.; Chekroud, K.; Bounabi, H.; Vasseghian, Y.; Kamyab, H.; Chelliapan, S.; Klemeš, J.J.; Berkani, M., (2023). Bioprospecting of biosurfactant-producing bacteria for hydrocarbon bioremediation: Optimization and characterization. Korean J. of Chem Eng., 40: 2497–2512. (16 pages).

Bibi, F.; Faheem, M. Azhar, E. I.; Yasir, M.; Alvi, S. A.; Kamal, M. A.; Ullah, I.; Naseer, M.I., (2016). Bacteria from marine sponges: A source of new drugs. Curr. Drug Metab., 18(1): 11-15 (5 pages).

Bui, T.D.; Luong-Van, J.; Austin, C.M., (2012). Impact of shrimp farm effluent on water quality in coastal areas of the World Heritage-listed Ha Long Bay. Am. J. Environ. Sci., 8(2): 104-116 (13 pages).

Cavazos, V.; Alonso, D., (2017). Effect of feces leaching on apparent digestibility coefficients of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Hidrobiológica. 27(3): 353-357 (5 pages).

Chávez, G.M.D.C.A.; González, C.R., (2013). Tolerance of Chrysanthemum maximum to heavy metals: the potential for its use in the revegetation of tailings heaps. J. Environ. Sci., 25: 367-375 (9 pages).

Chen, J.; Zhou, F.; Huang, J.; Ma, Z.; Jiang, S.; Qiu, L.; Qin, J.G., (2016). Ammonia and Salinity Tolerance of Penaeus monodon Across Eight Breeding Families. SpringerPlus. 5(1): 1-4 (4 pages)

Cortésa, A.; Ernández, C.A.J.; Francoa, C.; López, B.R.; Barajas, M.F.; Seiffert, Q.W.; Feijoo, G.; Moreira, M.T., (2021). Eco-efficiency assessment of shrimp aquaculture production in Mexico. Aquaculture. 544: 737145 (9 pages).

De Melo, F.P.; Ferreira, M.G.P.; Braga, Í.F.M.; Correia, E.S., (2018). Toxicity of nitrite on shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in clear water and biofloc systems. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 42(4): 855-865 (11 pages).

Du, Y.; Xu, W.; Wu, T.; Li, H.; Hu, X.; Chen, J., (2022). Enhancement of growth, survival, immunity and disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei, by the probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum Ep-M17. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 129: 36-51 (16 pages).

Duan, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, O.; Zhang, J.; Xiong, D., (2019). Changes in the intestine barrier function of Litopenaeus vannamei in response to pH stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 88: 142-149. (8 pages).

Duan, Y.: Wang, Y.; Huang, J.; Li, H.; Dong, H.; Zhang, J., (2021). Toxic effects of cadmium and lead exposure on intestinal histology, oxidative stress response, and microbial community of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Marine Pollut. Bull., 167: 112220 (8 pages).

Engle, C.R.; McNevin, A.; Racine, P.; Boyd, C.E.; Paungkaew, D.; Viriyatum, R.; Tinh, H.Q.; Inh, H.N., (2017). Economics of sustainable intensification of aquaculture: Evidence from shrimp farms in Vietnam and Thailand. J. World Aquacul. Soc., 48(2): 227-239 (13 pages).

Esteves, A.I.S.; Amer, N.; Nguyen, M.; Thomas, T., (2016). Sample processing impacts the viability and cultivability of the sponge microbiome. Front. Microbiol., 7: 1-17 (17 pages).

Ezemonye, L.I.; Adebayo, P.O.; Enuneku, A.A.; Tongo, I.; Ogbomida, E., (2019). Potential health risk consequences of heavy metal concentrations in surface water, shrimp (Macrobrachium macrobrachion), and fish (Brycinus longipinnis) from Benin River, Nigeria. Toxicol. Rep. 6: 1-9 (9 pages).

Furtado, P.S.; Campos, B.R.; Serra, F.P.; Klosterhoff, M.; Romano, L.A.; Wasielesky, W.Jr., (2014). Effects of nitrate toxicity in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, reared with biofloc technology (BFT). Aquacult. Int., 23(1): 315-327 (13 pages).

Ghosh, A.K.; Panda, S.K., Luyten, W., (2023). Immunomodulatory activity of plants against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp culture: A review. Aquacult. Int., 31: 1743-1774 (32 pages).

Girjatowicz, J.P.; Świątek, M., (2019). Effects of atmospheric circulation on water temperature along the southern Baltic Sea coast. Oceanologia. 61(1): 38-49 (12 pages).

Gupta A.K.; Verma S.K.; Khan, K.; Verma, R.K., (2013). Phytoremediation using aromatic plants: a sustainable approach for remediation of heavy metals polluted sites. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47(18): 10115-10116 (2 pages).

Heidarieh, M.; Maragheh, G.M.; Shamami, M.A.; Behgar, M.; Ziaei, F.; Akbari, Z., (2013). Evaluate of heavy metal concentration in shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) and crab (Portunus pelagicus) with INAA method. Springer Plus. 2013(2): 72 (5 pages).

Juliyanto, N.A.; Maftuch, M.; Masithah, E.D., (2021). Analysis of phytoplankton diversity on the productivity of Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) intensive pond, Jatisari Village, Banyuwangi. The Journal of Experimental Life Science, 11(2). 26–33. (8 pages).

Kamilia, H.; Sasmito, B.B.; Masithah, E.D., (2021). Phytoplankton and its relationship to white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture productivity in Alasbulu, Banyuwangi. J. Exp. Life Sci., 11(2), 43–48. (6 pages).

Kanjal, I.M.; Muneer, M.; Jamal, A.M.; Bokhari, H.T.; Wahid, A.; Ullah, S.; Amrane, A.; Hadadi, A.; Tahraoui, H.; Mouni, L., (2023). A study of treatment of reactive red 45 dye by advanced oxidation processes and toxicity evaluation using bioassays. Sustainability. 15(9): 7256 (15 pages).

Karbassi, R.A.; Tajziehchi, S.; Adib, F.N., (2016). Role of estuarine natural processes in removal of trace metals under emergency situations. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 2(1): 31-38. (8 pages).

Karimpour, M.; Ashrafi, S.D.; Taghavi, K.; Mojtahedi, A.; Roohbakhsh, E.; Naghipur, D., (2018). Adsorption of cadmium and lead onto live and dead cell mass of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A dataset. Elsevier, PMC5997576, 18: 1185-1192 (8 pages).

Kasan, N.A.; Kamaruzzan, A.S.; Rahim, A.I.A.; Ishak, A.N.; Jauhari, I.; Ikhwanuddin, M., (2019). Production of Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei through implementation of rapid biofloc technology. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environ. Sci., 370: 012005 (9 pages).

Lebel, L.; Mungkung, R.; Gheewala, S.H.; Lebel, P., (2010). Innovation cycles, niches and sustainability in the shrimp aquaculture industry in Thailand. Environ. Sci. Policy. 13(4): 291-302 (12 pages).

Liu, S.H.; Zeng, G.-M.; Niu, Q.-Y.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, L.; Jiang, L-H.; Tang, Z.-F.; Xu, P.; Zhang, C.; Cheng, M., (2017). Bioremediation mechanisms of combined pollution of PAHs and heavy metals by bacteria and fungi: A mini-review. Bioresour. Technol., 224: 25-33 (8 pages).

Liu, Y.F.; Mbadinga S.M.; Gu, D.J.; Mu, B.Z., (2017a). Type II chaperonin gene as a complementary barcode for 16S rRNA gene in study of Archaea diversity of petroleum reservoirs. Int. J. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 123: 113-120 (8 pages).

Lorenzon, S.; Francese, M.; Smith, V.J.; Ferrero, E.A., (2001). Heavy metals affect the circulating haemocyte number in the shrimp Palaemon elegans. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 11(6): 459-472 (14 pages).

Ma, Z.; Song, X.; Wan, R.A., (2021). A Modified water quality index for intensive shrimp ponds of Litopenaeus vannamei. Ecol. Indic., 24: 287-293 (7 pages).

Marzuki, I.; Daris, L.; Nisaa, K.; Emelda, A., (2020). The power of biodegradation and bio-adsorption of bacteria symbiont sponges sea on waste contaminated of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ. Sci., 584: 012013 (12 pages).

Marzuki, I., (2020). The bio-adsorption pattern bacteria symbiont sponge marine against contaminants chromium and manganese in the waste modification of laboratory scale. Indonesia Chim. Acta. 13(1): 1-9 (9 pages).

Marzuki, I.; Marzuki, A.M.A.; Hardimas, H., (2021a). Performance Analysis of biosorption of heavy metal and biodegradation PAH of isolates marine sponges symbiont bacteria. Indonesia Chim. Acta. 12(2): 1-9 (9 pages).

Marzuki, I.; Ahmad, R.; Kamaruddin, M.; Asaf, R.; Armus, R.; Siswanty, I., (2021b). Performance of cultured marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria as a heavy metal bio-adsorption, Biodiversity. 22(22): 5536-5543 (8 pages).

Marzuki, I.; Ahmad, R.; Kamaruddin, M.; Asaf, R.; Armus, R.; Siswanty, I. (2021c). Performance of cultured marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria as a heavy metal bio-adsorption. Biodiversitas, 22(12): 5536-5543 (8 pages).

Marzuki, I.; Rosmiati, R.; Mustafa, A.; Sahabuddin, S.; Tarunamulia, T.; Susianingsih, E.; Hendrajat,E. A.; Sahrijanna, A.; Muslimin, M.; Ratnawati, E.; Kamariah, K.; Nisaa, K.; Herlambang, S.; Gunawan, S.; Santi, I.S.; Isnawan, B.H.; Kaseng, E.S.; Septiningsih, E.; Asaf, R.; Athirah, A.; Basri, B., (2023a). Potential utilization of bacterial consortium of symbionts marine sponges in removing polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, review. Biology. 12(1): 86 (23 pages).

Marzuki, I.; Asaf, R.; Athirah, A., (2023b). Bioremediation performance of marine sponge symbiont bacteria against nickel and mercury heavy metal pollutants. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Info. Technol., 13(2): 544-552 (9 pages).

Medeiros, M.V.; Aubin, J.; Camargo, A.F.M., (2017). Life cycle assessment of fish and prawn production: Comparison of monoculture and polyculture freshwater systems in Brazil. J. Cleaner Prod., 156: 528-537 (10 pages).

Millard, R.S.; Ellis, R.P.; Bateman, K.S.; Bickley, L.K.; Tyler, C.R.; Aerle, R.V.; Santos, E.M. (2021). How do abiotic environmental conditions influence shrimp susceptibility to disease? A critical analysis focussed on white spot disease. J. Invert Pathol., 186: 107369. (18 pages).

Mohanty, A.; Mohanty, S.S.; Pramanik, D.S. (2016). The Combined effects of salinity and temperature on the survival of zoeae and postlarvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii at hatchery condition in Odisha, India. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud. 4(3): 576-580. (5 pages).

Motaghi, M.; Ziarati, P., (2016). Adsorptive removal of cadmium and lead from Oryza sativa rice by banana peel as bio-sorbent. Biomed. Pharmacol. J., 9(2): 739-749 (11 pages).

Muqsith, A.; Harahab, N.; Mahmudi, M.; Fadjar, M., (2019). The estimation of loading feed nutrient waste from vannamei shrimp aquaculture pond and carrying capacity of coastal area in Banyuputih Sub-District Situbondo Regency. International Conference on Biology and Applied Science (ICOBAS), 2120(1): 040037-1-040037-5 (6 pages).

Musa, M.; Thoyibah, A.A.; Puspitaningtyas, A.D.; Arsad, S.; Mahmudi, M.; Lusiana, D.E.; Maftuch, M.; Huda, S.A., (2023). The impact of water quality on the availability of phytoplankton and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei. J. Water Land Develop., 56: 127–135 (9 pages).

Mustafa, A.; Paena, M.; Athirah, A.; Ratnawati, E.; Asaf, R.; Suwoyo, H.S.; Sahabuddin, S.; Hendrajat, E.A.; Kamaruddin, K.; Septiningsih, E.; Sahrijanna, A.; Marzuki, I.; Nisaa, K., (2022). Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Coastal Water Quality to Support Application of Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Intensive Pond Technology. Sustainability. 14(5): 2659 (25 pages).

Mustafa, M.; Syah, R.; Paena, M.; Sugama, K.; Kusnendar, E.K.; Muliawan, I.; Suwoyo, H.S.; Asaad, A.I.J.; Asaf, R.; Ratnawati, E.; Athirah, A.; Makmur, M.; Suwardi, S.; Taukhid, I. (2023). Strategy for Developing Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Culture Using Intensive/Super-Intensive Technology in Indonesia. Sustainability. 15(3): 1753 (20 pages).

Nascimento, J.R.; Santos, E.S.; Carvalho, C.; Keunecke, K.A.; César, R.; Bidone, E.D., (2017). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti): A dose–response approach for coastal resources management. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 114(2): 1007-1013 (7 pages).

Nguyen, T.A.T.; Nguyen, K.A.T.; Jolly, C., (2019). Is super-intensiﬁcation the solution to shrimp production and export sustainability. Sustainability. 11(19): 5277 (22 pages).

Niklitschek, E.J.; Secor, D.H., (2009). Dissolved oxygen, temperature, and salinity effects on the ecophysiology and survival of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in estuarine waters: II. Model development and testing. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 381: S161-S172 (12 pages).

Nkuba, A.C.; Mahasri, G.; Lastuti, N.D.R.; Mwendolwa, A.A., (2021). Correlation of nitrite and ammonia concentration with prevalence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on several super-intensive ponds in East Java, Indonesia. J. Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 13(1): 58-67 (10 pages).

Orania, A.M.; Baratsa, A.; Vassilevab, E.; Thomasc, O.P., (2018). Marine sponges as a powerful tool for trace elements bio-monitoring studies in coastal environment. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 131: 633-645 (13 pages).

Paena, M.; Syamsuddin, R.; Rani, C.; Tandipayuk, H., (2020). Estimation of organic waste loads from shrimp pond superintensive that was disposed in the Labuange Bay waters. J. Ilmu. dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 12(2): 509-518 (10 pages).

Paul, B.G.; Vogl, C.R., (2012). Key performance characteristics of organic shrimp aquaculture in Southwest Bangladesh. Sustainability. 4(5): 995-1012 (18 pages).

Qian, D.; Xu, C.; Chen, C.; Qin, J.G.; Chen, L.; Li, E., (2020). Toxic effect of chronic waterborne copper exposure on growth, immunity, anti-oxidative capacity and gut microbiota of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 100: 445-455 (11 pages).

Rahman, A., (2024). Promising and environmentally friendly removal of copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead from wastewater using modified shrimp-based chitosan, Water. 16: 184 (23 pages).

Rajendran, K.V.; Shivam, S.; Praveena, P.E.; Rajan, J.J.S.; Kumar, T.S.; Avunje, S.; Jagadeesan, V.; Babu, S.V.A.N.V.P.; Pande, A.; Krishnan, A.N.; Alavandi, S. V.; Vijayan, K.K. (2016). Emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in farmed Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei in India. Aquaculture. 454: 272-280 (9 pages).

Ribeiro, L.F.; Eça, G.F.; Barros, F.; Hatje, V., (2016). Impacts of shrimp farming cultivation cycles on macrobenthic assemblages and chemistry of sediments. Environ. Pollut., 211: 307-315 (9 pages).

Roleda, M.Y.; Hurd, C.L., (2019). Seaweed nutrient physiology: Application of concepts to aquaculture and bioremediation. Phycologia. 58(5): 552-562 (11 pages).

Saiya, H.G.; Katoppo, K.T., (2015). Waste management of shrimp farms as starting point to develop integrated farming systems (Case study: Kuwaru Coast, Bntul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia). J. Degraded Min. Lands Manage., 3(1): 423-432 (10 pages).

Sarkar, T.; Alam, M.M.; Parvin, N.; Fardous, Z.; Chowdhury, A.Z.; Hossain, S.; Haque, M.E.; Biswas, N., (2016). Assessment of heavy metals contamination and human health risk in shrimp collected from different farms and rivers at Khulna-Satkhira region, Bangladesh, Toxicol. Rep., 3: 346-350 (5 pages).

Scheuch, G. A.; Zuñiga, J.R.; Fuentes, E.; Bravo, D.; Donoso, J.M.P., (2020). Effect of co-contamination by PAHs and heavy metals on bacterial communities of diesel contaminated soils of South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Microorganisms. 8(11): 1749 (17 pages).

Selvin, J.; Shanmugha, P.S.; Kiran, S.G.; Thangavelu, T.; Bai, S.N., (2009). Sponge-associated marine bacteria as indicators of heavy metal pollution. Microbiol. Res., 164(3): 352-363 (12 pages).

Shama, S.A.; Moustafa, M.E.; Gad, M.A., (2010). Removal of heavy metals Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, and Cd2+ from aquaeus solutions by using Eichornia Crassipes. Portugaliae Electrochim. Acta, 28(4): 231-239 (9 pages).

Sun, Y.; Zhu, L.; Xu, X.; Meng, Q.; Men, M.; Xu, B.; Deng, L., (2019). Correlation between ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and environmental factors during cattle manure composting. Revista Argentina de Microbiol., 51(4): 371-380 (10 pages).

Suo, Y.; Li, E.; Li, T.; Jia, Y.; Qin, J.G.; Gu, Z.; Chen, L., (2017). Response of gut health and microbiota to sulfide exposure in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 63: 87-96 (10 pages).

Syah, R.; Makmur, M.; Undu, M.C., (2014). Estimation of feed nutrient waste load and carrying capacity of coastal areas for super-intensive vaname shrimp ponds. J. Riset Akuakultur, 9(3): 439-448 (10 Pages).

Tavabe, K.R.; Abkenar, B.P.; Rafiee, G.; Frinsko, M., (2019). Effects of chronic lead and cadmium exposure on the oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) in laboratory conditions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol., 221: 21-28 (8 pages).

Velthof, G.L.; van-Bruggen, C.; Groenestein, C.M.; de Haan, B.J.; Hoogeveen, M.W.; Huijsmans, J.F.M., (2012). A model for inventory of ammonia emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands. Atmos. Environ., 46: 248-255 (8 pages).

Walker, P.J.; Winton, J.R., (2010). The Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp. Vet. Res., 41(6): 51 (24 Pages).

Yang, Y.-F.; Fei, X.-G.; Song, J.-M.; Hu, H.-Y.; Wang, G.-C.; Chung, I.K., (2006). Growth of Gracilaria lemaneiformis under different cultivation conditions and its effects on nutrient removal in Chinese coastal waters. Aquaculture. 254(1-4): 248-255 (8 pages).

Zhen, H.L.; Chuang, C.H.; Huang, H.T.; Wang, P.H.; Chen, B.Y.; Lee, P.T.; Wu, Y.S.; Nan, F.H., (2022). Bioaccumulation of arsenic and immunotoxic effect in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) exposed to trivalent arsenic, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 122: 376-385 (10 pages).

Zhou, Y.; Nie, W.; Song, L.; Zhang, T., (2012). Preparation of Uniform Magnetic Chitosan Microcapsules and Their Application in Adsorbing Copper Ion (II) and Chromium Ion (III). Indonesian Eng. Chem. Res., 51(1): 14098-14106 (9 pages).

Letters to Editor

GJESM Journal welcomes letters to the editor for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Letters pertaining to manuscript published in GJESM should be sent to the editorial office of GJESM within three months of either online publication or before printed publication, except for critiques of original research. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.

[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.
[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.
[3] Letters can be no more than 300 words in length.
[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.
[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.
[6] Letter writers must include their city and state of residence or work.
[7] Letters will be edited for clarity and length.