Estimation of peak current as a basis for sustainable watershed conservation using the number-curve land conservation

., Naharuddin; ., Rukmi; Massiri, S.D.; Toknok, B.; ., Akhbar; Korja, I.N.

doi:10.22034/gjesm.2024.03.06

Articles in Press

Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Authors

Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Tondo, District. Mantikulore, Palu City, Central Sulawesi 94148, Indonesia

10.22034/gjesm.2024.03.06

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peak flow in watershed is important in designing and controlling soil erosion, as well as assessing the potential water yield. It also serves as a basis for assessing and managing the risk of environmental damage. However, there is no accurate information on peak flow to ensure sustainable management and conservation of Wuno Sub-Watershed in Palu Watershed which serves as a buffer for the capital of Central Sulawesi Province. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and determine the potential runoff and peak flows in watershed using soil conservation service-curve number.
METHODS: Soil conservation service-curve number method was calculated to analyze rainfall from runoff as a function of cumulative rainfall, land use, soil type, and humidity. This method was developed by the United States Soil Conservation Service in 1972 and applied in this study with due consideration for several variables, including (a) land use classification and intensity for settlements, rice fields, plantations, rivers, etc., (b) basic physical conditions of the area such as rainfall and hydrology, as well as (c) classes of soil hydrology significantly influencing carbon-nitrogen value.
FINDINGS: The result showed that carbón-nitrogen values for all types of land use or cover were in normal conditions from 5 to 25 years. Moreover, carbón-nitrogen range was observed to have significantly large quantitative consequences on direct runoff. The trend showed the need for precision and effectiveness in planning watershed management and conservation. Soil conservation service also had a positive influence on land use, specifically runoff, as observed in carbón-nitrogen values for return periods of 2, 5, 25, and 100 years. However, several other factors were identified to influence land use such as land cover and soil texture.
CONCLUSION: Soil Conservation Service presented an analysis of how land use affected runoff, specifically with a focus on carbon-nitrogen values. Land use was not only affected by carbon-nitrogen values but other factors such as land cover and geomorphometric properties. The trend showed the need for a more comprehensive exploration of soil conservation service-curve number method in accurately predicting runoff patterns in sub-watershed areas to ensure effective and sustainable management and conservation practices.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

Soil conservation service provided an overview of a positive influence on land use;
The potential for runoff and peak flow using SCS-CN method is the basis for watershed management and conservation;
Peak current provide an overview and strategy for controlling soil erosion and assessing water yield potential;
CN values in all areas of Wuno Sub-Watershed were in the normal range of 5 to 25 for all types of land use/ land cover.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Hydrology and water resources

OPEN ACCESS

©2024 The author(s). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

PUBLISHER NOTE

GJESM Publisher remains neutral concerning jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

CITATION METRICS & CAPTURES

CURRENT PUBLISHER

GJESM Publisher

References

Abebaw, W.A., (2019). Review on impacts of land degradation on agricultural production in Ethiopia. J. Resour. Dev. Manage., 57: 21-29 (9 pages).

Akhbar, A.; Naharuddin, N.; Malik, A.; Akhbar, R.K.; Massiri, S.D., (2023). Spatial Model of Post-Earthquake Spring Performance in the Watershed Areas. Nature Environ. Pollut. Technol., 22(3): 1183-1195 (13 pages).

Al-Ghobari, H.; Dewidar, A.; Alataway, A., (2020). Estimation of surface water runoff for a semi-arid area using RS and GIS-based SCS-CN method. Water, 12(7): 1-16 (16 pages).

Alataway, A., (2023). SCS-CN and GIS-Based Approach for Estimating Runoff in Western Region of Saudi Arabia. J. Geosci. Environ. Prot., 11(3): 30-43 (14 pages).

Allan, R. P.; Barlow, M.; Byrne, M.P.; Cherchi, A.; Douville, H.; Fowler, H. J.; Zolina, O., (2020). Advances in understanding large‐scale responses of the water cycle to climate change. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1472(1): 49-75 (27 pages).

Astuti, I. S.; Sahoo, K.; Milewski, A.; Mishra, D.R., (2019). Impact of land use land cover (LULC) change on surface runoff in an increasingly urbanized tropical watershed. Water Resour. Manage., 33: 4087-4103 (17 pages).

Aziz, Y.W.; Saeed, M.A. H.; Ahmed, S.S., (2020). Estimation of annual runoff and peak flow at Nazanin Catchment in Erbil, Kurdistan Region using different approaches. The Iraqi Geol. J., 96-106 (11 pages).

Bahrami, E.; Mohammadrezapour, O.; Salarijazi, M.; Jou, P.H., (2019). Effect of base flow and rainfall excess separation on runoff hydrograph estimation using gamma model (case study: Jong catchment). KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 23: 1420-1426 (7 pages).

Bera, D.; Kumar, P.; Siddiqui, A.; Majumdar, A., (2021). Assessing impact of urbanisation on surface runoff using vegetation-impervious surface-soil (VIS) fraction and NRCS curve number (CN) model. Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 1-14 (14 pages).

Chalise, D; Kumar,L.; Spalevic, V.; Skataric, G., (2019). Estimation of sediment yield and maximum outflow using the IntErO model in the Sarada river basin of Nepal. Water. 11(5): 1-15 (15 Pages).

Cheng, J.D.; Lin, L.L.; Lu, H.S., (2002). Influences of forests on water flows from headwater watersheds in Taiwan. Forest Ecol. Manage., 165(1-3): 11-28 (18 pages).

Devianti; Jayanti, D.S.; Mulia, I.; Sitorus, A.; Sartika T.D., (2019). Model of surface runoff estimation on oil palm plantation with or without biopore infiltration hole using SCS-CN and ANN methods. In IOP Conference Series: Earth Environ. Sci., 365(1): 1-8 (8 pages).

Ewane, B. E.; Lee, H. H., (2020). Assessing land use/land cover change impacts on the hydrology of Nyong River Basin, Cameroon. J. Mountain Sci., 17(1): 50-67 (18 pages).

Gashaw, T., (2015). The implications of watershed management for reversing land degradation in Ethiopia. Res. J. Agric. Environ. Manage., 4(1): 5-12 (8 pages).

Hasan, S. S.; Zhen, L.; Miah, M. G.; Ahamed, T.; Samie, A., (2020). Impact of land use change on ecosystem services: A review. Environ. Develop., 34(6): 120-132 (13 pages).

Hidayat, A.; Badaruddin, B.; Yamani, A., (2020). Analisis laju dan besarnya volume infiltrasi pada berbagai tutupan lahan di daerah aliran sungai (DAS) Maluka (Analysis of rating and the Amount of infiltration volume in various land covers In Maluka River.

Ibrahim-Bathis, K.; Ahmed, S. A., (2016). Rainfall-runoff modelling of Doddahalla watershed—an application of HEC-HMS and SCN-CN in ungauged agricultural watershed. Arab. J. Geosci., 9(3): 1-16 (16 pages).

Ideawati, L.F.; Limantara, L.M.; Andawayanti, U., (2015). Analisis perubahan bilangan kurva aliran permukaan (runoff curve number) terhadap debit banjir di das lesti. J. Water Resour. Eng., 6(1): 37-45 (9 pages).

Im, S.; Lee, J.; Kuraji, K.; Lai, Y. J.; Tuankrua, V.; Tanaka, N.; Tseng, C.W., (2020). Soil conservation service curve number determination for forest cover using rainfall and runoff data in experimental forests. J. Forest Res., 25(4): 204-213 (10 pages).

Kan, X.; Cheng, J.; Hou, F., (2020). Response of preferential soil flow to different infiltration rates and vegetation types in the Karst region of southwest China. Water. 12(6): 67-78 (12 pages).

Karunanidhi, D.; Anand, B.; Subramani, T.; Srinivasamoorthy, K., (2020). Rainfall-surface runoff estimation for the Lower Bhavani basin in south India using SCS-CN model and geospatial techniques. Environ. Earth Sci., 79: 1-19 (19 Pages).

Kassam, A.; Derpsch, R.; Friedrich, T., (2014). Global achievements in soil and water conservation: The case of Conservation Agriculture. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res., 2(1): 5-13 (9 pages).

Kayet, N.; Pathak, K.; Chakrabarty, A.; Sahoo, S., (2018). Evaluation of soil loss estimation using the RUSLE model and SCS-CN method in hillslope mining areas. Int.l Soil Water Conserv. Res., 6(1): 31-42 (12 pages).

Kistiawan, T.; Irawan, A.P., (2023). Analysis of Annual Rainfall Distribution and Planned Rain Intensity at 11 (Eleven) Rain Post Stations in Serang District. Int. J. Entrepreneurship Bus. Develop. 6(5): 945-958 (14 pages).

Kousari, M.R.; Malekinezhad, H.; Ahani, H.; Zarch, M.A.A., (2010). Sensitivity analysis and impact quantification of the main factors affecting peak discharge in the SCS curve number method: An analysis of Iranian watersheds. Q. Int., 226(1-2): 66-74 (9 pages).

Lian, H.; Yen, H.; Huang, J. C.; Feng, Q.; Qin, L.; Bashir, M.A.; Liu, H,. (2020). CN-China: Revised runoff curve number by using rainfall-runoff events data in China. Water Res., 177: 1-10 (10 pages).

Meresa, H.K., (2020). River flow characteristics and changes under the influence of varying climate conditions. Nat. Resour. Model., 33(1): 22-28 (7 pages).

Nageswara, R.K., (2020). Analysis of surface runoff potential in ungauged basin using basin parameters and SCS-CN method. Appl. Water Sci., 10: 1-16 (16 pages).

Naharuddin, N.N.; Sadeghi, S.M.M.; Malik, A.; Rosyid, A.; Ahyauddin, A., (2021). Peak discharge estimation to evaluate and monitor the Gumbasa Watershed performance, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Agric. J. Eng. Int.: CIGR J., 23(3): 31-41 (12 pages).

Naharuddin, N.; Sari, I.; Harijanto, H.; Wahid, A., (2020). Sifat fisik tanah pada lahan agroforestri dan hutan lahan kering sekunder di sub DAS Wuno, DAS Palu. J. Pertanian Terpadu, 8(2): 189-200 (12 pages).

Narendra, B.H.; Setiawan, O.; Hasan, R.A.; Siregar, C.A.; Sari, N.; Sukmana, A.; Nandini, R., (2024). Flood susceptibility mapping based on watershed geomorphometric characteristics and land use/land cover on a small island. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 10(1): 301- 320 (20 pages).

Penna, D.; Hopp, L.; Asano, Y.; Thompson, S.; Yang, Y., (2021). Virtual Special Issue in: Advances in forest hydrology in the light of land use change and disturbances. J. Hydrol., 601: 126-138 (13 pages).

Pramono, I.B.; Basuki, T.M., (2019). Modification of Curve Number on pine forest catchment at Gombong, Central Java, Indonesia. Int. J. Develop. Sustainability. 8(1): 48-60 (13 pages).

Priambodo, S.; Montarcih, L.; Suhartanto, E., (2019). Hourly rainfall distribution patterns in Java Island. In MATEC Web of Conferences. 276: (04012): 1-6 (6 pages).

Purdue, L.; Kennet, D.; Garnier, A.; Parton, A.; Djerbi, H.; Botan, S.; Al-Jahwari, N., (2021). Ancient agriculture in Southeast Arabia: A three thousand year record of runoff farming from central Oman (Rustaq). Catena. 204: (105406): 1-15 (15 pages).

Ren, X.; Hong, N.; Li, L.; Kang, J.; Li, J., (2020). Effect of infiltration rate changes in urban soils on stormwater runoff process. Geoderma. 363: 114-125 (12 pages).

Ridwan, I.; Kadir, S.; Nurlina, N., (2024). Wetland degradation monitoring using multi-temporal remote sensing data and watershed land degradation index. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 10(1): 83-96 (14 pages).

Satheeshkumar, S.; Venkateswaran, S.; Kannan, R., (2017). Rainfall–runoff estimation using SCS–CN and GIS approach in the Pappiredipatti watershed of the Vaniyar sub basin, South India. Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 3: 1-8 (8 pages).

Sebastian, A.; Gori, A.; Blessing, R. B.; Van Der Wiel, K.; Bass, B., (2019). Disentangling the impacts of human and environmental change on catchment response during Hurricane Harvey. Environ. Res. Lett., 14(12): 124-138 (15 pages).

Sentosa, A.K.; Asdak, C.; Suryadi, E., (2021). Estimasi Volume Limpasan dan Debit Puncak Sub DAS Cikeruh Menggunakan Metode SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number). J. Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem. 9(1): 90-98 (9 pages).

Shi, Z.H.; Chen, L.D.; Fang, N.F.; Qin, D.F.; Cai, C.F., (2009). Research on the SCS-CN initial abstraction ratio using rainfall-runoff event analysis in the Three Gorges Area, China. Catena. 77(1): 1-7 (7 pages).

Shi, W.; Wang, N., (2020). An improved SCS-CN method incorporating slope, soil moisture, and storm duration factors for runoff prediction. Water. 12(5): 1-18 (18 pages).

Shih, H.C.; Stow, D.A.; Chang, K.C.; Roberts, D.A.; Goulias, K.G., (2022). From land cover to land use: Applying random forest classifier to Landsat imagery for urban land-use change mapping. Geocarto Int., 37(19): 5523-5546(24 pages).

Song, W.; Jiao, J.; Du, P.; Liu, H., (2021). Optimizing the soil conservation service curve number model by accounting for rainfall characteristics: a case study of surface water sources in Beijing. Environ.l Monitor. Assess., 193: 1-17 (17 pages).

Soulis, K.X., (2021). Soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) Method: Current applications, remaining challenges, and future perspectives. Water. 13(2): 1-4 (4 pages).

Surya, B.; Ahmad, D. N. A.; Sakti, H. H.; Sahban, H., (2020). Land use change, spatial interaction, and sustainable development in the metropolitan urban areas, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Land. 9(3): 1-43 (43 pages).

Thong, B.X.; Van Dan, N.; ManhTrinh, N.; Ha, N.N., (2019). Using the method of soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) Combined with the geographic information system (GIS) to estimate the surface runoff on the Co-To Island, North Vietnam. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci., 6(9).

Verma, R.K., Verma, S., Mishra, S.K.; Pandey, A., (2021). SCS-CN-based improved models for direct surface runoff estimation from large rainfall events. Water Resour. Manage., 35(7): 2149-2175 (27 pages).

Walega, A.; Amatya, D.M.; Caldwell, P.; Marion, D.; Panda, S., (2020). Assessment of storm direct runoff and peak flow rates using improved SCS-CN models for selected forested watersheds in the Southeastern United States. J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 27: 1-18 (18 pages).

Zeng, F.; Ma, M.G.; Di, D.R.; Shi, W.Y., (2020). Separating the impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff: A review of method and application. Water. 12(8): 1-17 (17 pages).

Letters to Editor

GJESM Journal welcomes letters to the editor for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Letters pertaining to manuscript published in GJESM should be sent to the editorial office of GJESM within three months of either online publication or before printed publication, except for critiques of original research. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.

[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.
[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.
[3] Letters can be no more than 300 words in length.
[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.
[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.
[6] Letter writers must include their city and state of residence or work.
[7] Letters will be edited for clarity and length.