Document Type : REVIEW PAPER
Authors
Department of Civil Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
The entire world is reeling under the worst pandemic of last 100 years. Over 128 million people have been infected with it and 2.8 million deaths have already taken place, till 30th March 2021. The identification of materials positive cases is the first step towards its containment and treatment. However, testing of individuals is an extensive, expensive and time-consuming exercise. In addition, societal taboos are also associated with infected individuals resulting in very few people volunteering for testing, esp. in the developing and under-developed world. An alternative approach that circumvents individual testing is the wastewater-based epidemiology. A state-of-the-art review of this method is provided in context of its utility for COVID-19 detection. This technique relies on collecting and testing samples from sewers and/or wastewater treatment plants for the presence of pathogens and then using that data to determine and predict the spread of the infection, thereby allowing the provision of appropriate containment and treatment steps. The study covers key aspects of wastewater-based epidemiology application for COVID-19 detection including its need, detailed process of detection and assessment, data analysis, economics and challenges to its application. Findings from a number of case studies are presented to elucidate the utility of this technique. It is clearly seen that WBE-based approach is a much better strategy as compared to individual testing and can be adopted to prevent further spread of Covid-19. The work is expected to further emphasize the application of this method for COVID (and other pandemic) detection and implementing containment strategies. This is clearly a much more economical and non-intrusive approach as compared to the individual testing.
Graphical Abstract
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Highlights
- Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a non-intrusive, community-based detection and surveillance tool for different diseases;
- Several studies have been conducted on its application for detection of Covid-19 virus in different countries;
- Despite the presence of several different test protocols, a standardized and simple protocol is missing;
- WBE-based approach, integrated with targeted human testing and vaccination can help in containment and prevention of Covid-19.
Keywords
- Covid-19 (Coronavirus disease)
- Infection
- Pandemic
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
- Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE)
Main Subjects
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