Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Authors
1 Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam
2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Thai Nguyen University, Tan Thinh Ward, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
3 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Paster Pvt., Ottawa k1N 6N5, Canada
Abstract
Constructed wetlands have not been commonly used in Vietnam due to the lack of information in the selection of proper types of constructed wetlands, type of reeds, design parameters and performance efficiency, in tropical climates. This paper focuses on Canna generalis, which is a common reed and easy to grow both in water and wet land conditions. Two kinds of hybrid constructed wetlands were employed, including Facultative pond combined with free water sub-surface constructed wetlands system and horizontal subsurface flow combined with Aerobic pond system. It was found that the ponds played an important role in the hybrid system performance and enhanced the performance of constructed wetlands. The pollutant removal efficiencies of the hybrid systems were all higher than the single constructed wetlands. The BOD5, TSS, NH4-N and PO4-P removal efficiencies averaged 81%, 85%, 93% and 77%, respectively for the hybrid horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands system operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.075 m/day, while they were 89%, 97%, 97%, and 68%, respectively for the hybrid free water sub-surface constructed wetlands system operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.1 m/day. The removal rate constants (kBOD5, kNH4-N, kPO4-P) of the experimental hybrid constructed wetlands were similar to those in previous studies. However, these constants were higher for the hybrid free water subsurface constructed wetlands because of the modified structure flow of the free water subsurface constructed wetlands applied in this study, compared to conventional ones, as well as the additional benefits of the ponds in the hybrid systems.
Graphical Abstract
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Highlights
- Canna Generalis grew with high total biomass and performed well in pollutant removal in tropical constructed wetlands;
- Modified flow structure of free water sub-surface constructed wetlands and additional facultative pond help the hybrid constructed wetlands perform better;
- High values of removal rate constant “k” do not necessarily indicate high removal efficiency;
- High temperature (>35oC) affected the performance of hybrid tropical CWs due to affecting bacteria activity and humidity.
Keywords
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