Recycling process of spent bleaching clay: Optimization by response surface methodology

Hatami, A.M.; Sabour, M.R.; Amiri, A.

doi:10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.01.002

Document Type : ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Authors

Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.01.002

Abstract

Oil refining is an inevitable step in production of edible and industrial oil. Bleaching is the most important process among the refining processes. Bleaching adsorption is the most common method and clay is the most widely used adsorbent in this method. Disposal of bleaching clay, as a waste from re-refining plants, makes many environmental problems and economic losses. In the current study, the effects of possible factors such as solvent to clay ratio, temperature, time, aggregation size and rotation speed of the stirrer (degree of mixing) on the efficiency of extracted lubricating oil were investigated by solvent extraction method. By conducting experiments at different reaction times and rotation speeds, it was concluded that the most important factor in obtaining the appropriate output was solvent to clay ratio. The tests conducted to investigate the effect of grain size on the efficiency indicated that agglomerates size did not have a positive effect on efficiency. Finally, for the solvent to clay ratios ranging from 2.48-9.53 ml/g and a time period ranging from 5 to 40 minutes, the main tests designed by the response surface methodology. The best efficiency was obtained at the highest level of solvent to clay ratio (9.53 ml/g) and at the time of 22.5 minutes that led to 88.60% oil extraction from the clay. The accuracy of the model output was estimated to be 96%.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

Optimization of spent clay obtained in re-refining of used lubricating oil
Evaluation of solvent to clay ratio and extraction time as effective parameters in recycling
Design of experiments for efficiency improvement and modeling by RSM
Optimization of solvent extraction as a recycling process up to 90% efficiency.

Keywords

References

Al-Zahrani, A.A.; Alhamed, Y.A., (2000). Oil removal from spent bleachingclay by solvent extraction. J. Environ. Sci. Health, A35(9): 1577-1590 (14 pages).

Al-Zahrani, A.A.; Alhamed, Y.A., (2002). Regeneration of spent bleaching clay used in edible oil refining in Saudi. The 6th Saudi Engineering Conference, 2: 461-472 (12 Pages).

Al-Zahrani, A.A.; Daous, M.A., (2000). Recycling of spent bleaching clay and oil recovery. Trans IChemE, Part B. 78: 224-228 (5 pages).

Al-Zahrani, S.M.; Putra, M.D., (2013). Used lubricating oil regeneration by various solvent extraction techniques., J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 19(2):536–539 (4 Pages).

Antony, J., (2003). Design of Experiments for Engineers and Scientists, Elsevier Sci. Tech. Books, ISBN: 0750647094, 93-105 (13 Pages).

Awaja, F.; Pavel, D., (2006). Design Aspects of used lubricating oil re-refining, 1st Edition, Elsevier Sci., eBook ISBN: 9780080462646: 40-72 (33 Pages).

Beshara, A.; Cheeseman, C.R., (2014). Reuse of spent bleaching earth by polymerization of residual organics. Waste Manage., 34(10): 1770–1774 (5 Pages).

Bezerra, M.A.; Santelli, R.E.; Oliveira, E.P.; Villar, L.S.; Escaleira, L.A., (2008). Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta 76: 965–977 (13 Pages).

Boukerroui, A.; Ouali, M.S., (2000). Regeneration of a Spent Bleaching Earth and its reuse in the refining of an edible oil. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 75: 773-776 (4 Pages).

Eliche-Quesadaa D.; Corpas-Iglesiasb, F., (2014). Utilization of spent filtration earth or spent bleaching earth from the oil refinery industry in clay products., Ceram. Int., 40(10): 16677–16687 (11 pages).

European Commission, (2001). Critical review of existing studies and Life Cycle Analysis on the regeneration and incineration of waste oils, Final report, 19-39 (21 Pages).

Foletto, E.L.; Alves, C.C.A.; Sganzerla, L.R.; Porto, L.M., (2002). Regeneration and utilization of spent bleaching clay. Lat. Am. Appl. Res., 32(2): 205-208 (4 Pages).

Geleel, M.A.; Atwa, S.T.; Sakr, A.K., (2013). Removal of Cr (III) from aqueous waste using Spent activated clay., J. Am. Sci., 9(2): 256-262 (7 Pages).

Ismadji, S.; Soetaredjo, F.E.; Ayucitra, A., (2015). Clay materials for environmental remediation. Springer Int. Pub., ISBN: 978-3-319-16711-4: 5-37 (33 Pages).

Jafari, A.J.; Hassanpour, M., (2015). Analysis and comparison of used lubricants, regenerative technologies in the world. Resour.,Conserv. Recycl., 103: 179–191 (13 Pages).

James, I.; Chang, J.I.; Tai, H.S.; Huang, T.H., (2006). Regeneration of spent bleaching earth by lye-extraction. Environ. Prog., 25(4): 373-378 (6 Pages).

Joshaghani A.; Ramezanianpour, A.A.; Jaberizadeh, M., (2014). Mechanical Characteristic of Pervious Concrete Considering the Gradation and Size of Coarse Aggregates. Research J. Environ. Earth Sci. 6(9): 437-442 (6 Pages).

Khamparia, S.; Jaspal, D., (2016). Adsorptive removal of direct red 81 dye from aqueous solution onto Argemone Mexicana. Sustainable Environ. Res., 26: 117-123, 1-7 (7 Pages).

Khamparia, S.; Jaspal, D., (2017). Study of decolorisation of binary dye mixture by response surface methodology. J. Environ. Manage., 201, 316-326 (11 Pages).

Kheok, S. C.; Lim, E. E., (1982). Mechanism of palm oil bleaching by montmorillonite clay activated at various acid concentrations. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 59(3): 129-131 (3 Pages).

Komadel, P., (2016). Acid activated clays: Materials in continuous demand. Appl. Clay Sci., 13: 84–99 (16 Pages).

Lee, C.K.; Low, K.S.; Gan, P.Y., (2010). Removal of some organic dyes by acid treated spent bleaching earth. Environ.Technol., 20: 99-104 (6 Pages).

Lee, C.G.; Seng, C.E.; Liew, K.Y., (2000). Solvent efficiency for oil extraction from spent bleaching clay. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77(11): 1219-1222 (4 Pages).

Liew, Y.M.; Heah, C.Y.; Mustafa, A.M.; Kamarudin, H., (2016). Structure and properties of clay-based geopolymer cements: A review. Prog. Mater. Sci., 83: 595–629 (35 Pages).

Mana, M.; Ouali, M.S.; Menorval, L.C.; Zaja, J.J.; Charnay, C., (2011). Regeneration of Spent Bleaching Earth by treatment with Cethyltrimethylammonium Bromide for application in elimination of acid dye. Chem. Eng. J., 174 (1): 307: 275-280 (6 Pages).

Meesuk, L.; Vorasith, N., (2006). The use of Bentonite to remove dark color in repeatinglyused palm oil. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Environ. Sci. Eng., 41: 1189–1200 (12 Pages).

Mittal, A.; Kaur D.; Mittal, J., (2009). Batch and bulk removal of a triarylmethane dye, Fast Green FCF, from wastewater by adsorption over waste materials. J. Hazard. Mater., 163: 568–577 (10 Pages).

Montgomery, D.C., (2009). Design and analysis of experiments. 7th edition., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Asia, ISBN: 978-0-470-45687-3: 60-207 (148 Pages).

Mortier, R.M.; Fox, M.F.; Orszulik, S.T., (2010). Chemistry and technology of lubricants, 3^rd edition,Springer Int. Pub., ISBN 978-1-4020-8662-5: 3-33 (31 Pages).

Myers, R.H.; Douglas C. Montgomery, D.C.; Anderson-Cook, C.M., (2009). Response Surface Methodology, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA, ISBN-13: 978-0-4701-7446-3: 281-349 (69 Pages).

Nursulihatimarsyila, A.W.; Cheah, K.Y.; Chuah, T.G.; Siew, W.L.; Choong, T.S.Y., (2004). De-oiling and regeneration efficiencies of spent bleaching clay. Am. J. Appl. Sci., 7 (3), 434-437 (4 Pages).

Pelitli, V.; Doğan, Ö; Köroğlu, H. J., (2017). Waste oil management: Analyses of waste oils from vehicle crankcases and gearboxes. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 3(1): 11-20 (10 Pages).

Sabour, M.R.; Amiri, A., (2017). Polluting potential of post-Fenton products in landfill leachate treatment., Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 3(2): 177-186 (10 Pages).

Sangiorgi, C.; Tataranni, P.; Simone, A.; Vignali, V.; Lantieri, C., (2014). Waste bleaching clays as fillers in hot bituminous mixtures. Constr. Build. Mater., 73: 320–325 (6 Pages).

Sangiorgi, C.; Tataranni, P.; Simone, A.; Vignali, V.; Lantieri, C.; Dondi, G., (2016). Assessment of waste bleaching clay as alternative filler for the production of porous asphalts. Constr. Build. Mater., 109: 1–7 (7 Pages).

Sarioglan, S.; Yuzer, H.; Koral, M., (2010). Acid activation and bleaching performance of Turkish (Somas) Bentonite in crude soybean oil. Part. Sci. Technol., 28: 298–308 (11 Pages).

Tang, J.; Mu B.; Zheng, M.; Wang, A., (2015). One-step calcination of the spent bleaching earth for the efficient removal of heavy metal Ions. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., (6): 1125–1135 (11 pages).

Tsai, W.T.; Chen, H.P.; Hsieh, M.F.; Sun, H.F.; Chien, S.F., (2002). Regeneration of spent bleaching earth by Pyrolysis in a rotary furnace. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 63: 157–170 (14 Pages).

Tsai, W.T.; Chen, H.P.; Hsieh, M.F.; Sun, H.F.; Lai, C.W., (2003). Regeneration of bleaching clay waste by chemical activation with chloride salts. J. Environ. Sci. Health, A38 (4): 685–696 (12 Pages).

Wambu, E.W.; Muthakia, G.K.; Thiongo, J.K.; Shiundu, P.M., (2009). Regeneration of spent bleaching earth and its adsorption of Copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Appl. Clay Sci., 46(2):176–180: (5 Pages).

Wu, Y.; Zhou, S.; Qin, F.; Ye, X.; Zheng, K., (2010). Modeling physical and oxidative removal properties of fenton process for treatment of landfill leachate using response surface methodology (RSM). J. Hazard. Mater., 180: 456–465 (10 Pages).

Yildiz, N.; Aktas, Z.; Calimi, A., (2004). Sulphuric acid activation of a Calcium Bentonite. Particulate Sci. Technol., 22: 21–33 (13 Pages).

Letters to Editor

GJESM Journal welcomes letters to the editor for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Letters pertaining to manuscript published in GJESM should be sent to the editorial office of GJESM within three months of either online publication or before printed publication, except for critiques of original research. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.

[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.
[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.
[3] Letters can be no more than 300 words in length.
[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.
[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.
[6] Letter writers must include their city and state of residence or work.
[7] Letters will be edited for clarity and length.

Name *

Email Address *

Affiliation *

Comments *

Security Code *

Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management

Recycling process of spent bleaching clay: Optimization by response surface methodology

References

References

Letters to Editor

Send comment about this article

Volume 4, Issue 1 - Serial Number 13
January 2018
Pages 9-18

Recycling process of spent bleaching clay: Optimization by response surface methodology

References

References

Letters to Editor

Send comment about this article

Volume 4, Issue 1 - Serial Number 13January 2018Pages 9-18

Volume 4, Issue 1 - Serial Number 13
January 2018
Pages 9-18