Document Type : REVIEW PAPER
Authors
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran
2 Biofuel Research Labotary, Caspian Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Rezvanshar, Guilan, Iran
Abstract
More than 5.5 trillion cigarettes are manufactured, and approximately 4.5 trillion cigarette butts are being scattered across the globe per year. These cigarette butts are considered as one of the most hazardous wastes and environmental threats in the world. Thermochemical techniques can be used to turn biomass and solid wastes into valuable final products. Pyrolysis is a comfortable thermochemical technique for turning biomass into biochars, biofuels, briquette solid fuels, and further valuable products such as activated carbons, carbon black, and printing ink. In this study, it was attempted to review the available researches about pyrolysis of cigarette butts with an emphasis on transforming them into carbonated solid and liquid products. It was found that, in addition to the process variables, the type of cigarette butts treatment has a significant effect on the yield and quality of the finished goods. Further studies on the pyrolysis of cigarette butts, especially microwave-assisted pyrolysis and hybrid waste pyrolysis, seemed to be necessary. Solving the technical issues associated with the pyrolysis of cigarette butts to produce the value-added goods would contribute to their application in waste disposal and recycling of other resources. Future studies should focus on the separation methods with the help of gas products to provide the heat required in the reactor. Moreover, mixing the sewage sludge material, as a feed, with cigarette butts and application of appropriate models and experiments to attain the products with specific properties are recommended. The results of this study can be used to eliminate the hazards of the cigarette butts scattered in the environment and create the added value for the pyrolysis process.
Graphical Abstract
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Highlights
- Compared to other biochemical and thermochemical methods, pyrolysis is an economically efficient alternative system for disposal of biomass waste;
- Some researchers have focused on the pyrolysis of CBs with the goal of producing the valuable items such as biochars and fuel oils;
- In addition to the uncontrolled distribution of CBs, there is a bigger problem with this waste as it is not a biodegradable residue and could release more than 7000 toxic substances into the environment;
- Considering the large amount of CBs waste produced globally, their pyrolysis with the goal of generating various value-added items holds a promising potential.
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