ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Suitability assessment for handling methods of municipal solid waste
Solid waste management is challenging in Phnom Penh city, Capital of Cambodia. The only one formal treatment taken is the final disposal of mixed waste into an open dumpsite. The current study analyses the physical and chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste disposed of in the dumpsite to assess their suitable handling methods. The current study found that the major compositions of waste are food waste (49.18%) and plastic (21.13%), and recyclable waste shares about 17.28% of the total. On average, it contains 60.92% moisture, 35.89% combustible, 3.19% ash, 58.32% carbon and 1.05% nitrogen. High calorific value is 10.03 MJ/kg when the low calorific value is 7.77 MJ/kg. The moisture content is too high to meet the technology demands, especially in the rainy season. It seems workable for incineration without energy recovery. Gasification for melting and incineration with energy recovery are only suitable for the dry season. If the solid waste is well pre-separated, material recovery could be one of the suitable handling methods. Food waste, wood and leave could be digested in the one-stage continuous wet system and co-composted, and plastic is appropriate for refuse-derived fuel generation. The current study recommends that the waste pre-separation should be requisite for any handling methods.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_29396_b46bd41c609b275b62816fb35d7e2217.pdf
2018-04-01
113
126
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.001
Open dumpsite
Pre-separation
Recovery
Solid waste management
Suitable handling method
B.
Seng
bandithseng@gmail.com
1
Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima, Kita, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
LEAD_AUTHOR
T.
Fujiwara
takeshi@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
2
Waste Management Research Center, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima, Kita, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
AUTHOR
B.
Seng
seng.bunrith@gmail.com
3
Department of Rural Engineering, Institute of Technologies of Cambodia, Russian Federation Blvd, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
AUTHOR
Abu Qdais H.A., (2007). Techno-economic assessment of municipal solid waste management in Jordan. Waste Manage., 27(11): 1666-1672 (7 pages).
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ASTM International, (2004c). Standard test method for volatile matter in the analysis sample of refuse-derived fuel. E 897-88. West Conshohocken, PA United State.
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ASTM International, (2004d). Standard test method for gross calorific value of refuse-derived fuel by the bomb calorimeter. E 711-87. West Conshohocken, PA United State.
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42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Kinematic runoff and erosion model efficiency assessment for hydrological simulation of semi-arid watersheds
Hydrologic modeling of semi-arid watersheds is imperative for the development of appropriate water and soil conservation plans. In the current study, the efficiency of Kinematic Runoff and Erosion model-version 2 (K2) model was used to evaluate water discharge and sediment load simulation of Bar watershed, located in the north-eastern part of Iran. The K2 model relies on the kinematic wave approach to route surface flow. The drainage network and planes are discretized to represent the watershed. In order to evaluate the model, 3 and 2 reported rainfall incidents in various dates were selected for K2 calibration and validation, respectively. The multiplier approach was employed for model calibration. The results of sensitivity investigation revealed that the soil parameters Ks-CH, n and G had the highest impact on flow discharge. Through the calibration process, the Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency and the coefficient of determination as fitting metrics for water discharge simulation (based on event #2, dated 16 March 1992) were estimated to be 0.78 and 0.88, respectively. According to the aggregated measure, the highest K2 efficiency was obtained during the calibration process based on event #2. Other storm events were resulted in a good simulation, as well. During the validation process, K2 simulation (based on event #4, dated 07 March 1991) led to the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency and R2 of 0.77 and 0.71, respectively. The K2 calibration for sediment load simulation was performed through the alterations of the Pave and Rainsplash parameters. The bias percentages between simulated and observed total sediment loads based on events #2 and #4 were 5% and 16%, respectively. Conclusively, the K2 model showed an acceptable robustness in the hydrological simulation of Bar watershed as a representative semi-arid watershed in northeast of Iran.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_29061_99a9347ef4c2e74763f0a16d32b3aab9.pdf
2018-04-01
127
140
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.002
Calibration
Hydrologic simulation
Kinematic runoff and erosion model (Kineros2)
Runoff yield
Sediment load
Sensitivity analysis
Validation
S.M.
Tajbakhsh
tajbakhsh.m@birjand.ac.ir
1
Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
H.
Memarian
hadi_memarian@birjand.ac.ir
2
Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Sobhani
mr.sobhani70@gmail.com
3
Department of Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
A.H.
Aghakhani Afshar
a.s.a.a.6269@gmail.com
4
Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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1
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4
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6
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23
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24
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Semmens, D.J.; Goodrich, D.C.; Unkrich, C.L.; Smith, R.E.; Woolhiser, D.A.; Miller, S.N., (2008). KINEROS2 and the AGWA modelling framework. In Hydrological modelling in arid and semi-arid areas, Wheater, H., Sorooshian, S. and Sharma, K.D. (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, New York. (206 pages).
35
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36
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45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Coexisting arsenate and arsenite adsorption from water using porous pellet adsorbent: Optimization by response surface methodology
Mesoporous pellet adsorbent developed from mixing at an appropriate ratio of natural clay, iron oxide, iron powder, and rice bran was used to investigate the optimization process of batch adsorption parameters for treating aqueous solution coexisting with arsenate and arsenite. Central composite design under response surface methodology was applied for optimizing and observing both individual and interactive effects of four main influential adsorption factors such as contact time (24-72 h), initial solution pH (3-11), adsorbent dosage (0-20 g/L) and initial adsorbate concentration (0.25-4.25 mg/L). Analysis of variance suggested that experimental data were better fitted by the quadratic model with the values of regression coefficient and adjusted regression coefficient higher than 95%. The model accuracy was supported by the correlation plot of actual and predicted adsorption efficiency data and the residual plots. The Pareto analysis suggested that initial solution pH, initial adsorbate concentration, and adsorbent dosage had greater cumulative effects on the removal system by contributing the percentage effect of 47.69%, 37.07% and 14.26%, respectively. The optimum values of contact time, initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage and initial adsorbate concentration were 52 h, 7, 10 g/L and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. The adsorption efficiency of coexisting arsenate and arsenite solution onto the new developed adsorbent was over 99% under the optimized experimental condition.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_29749_d31e630783b8d09edba71d127375b45e.pdf
2018-04-01
141
152
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.003
Analysis of variance
Arsenic removal
Central composite design
Mesoporous adsorbent
Response surface methodology
B.
Te
teborano12@gmail.com
1
School of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
LEAD_AUTHOR
B.
Wichitsathian
boonchai@sut.ac.th
2
School of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
AUTHOR
C.
Yossapol
chatpet@sut.ac.th
3
School of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
AUTHOR
W.
Wonglertarak
w_watcharapol@hotmail.com
4
School of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
AUTHOR
Ahma, R.; Hasan, I., (2016). Optimiztion of the adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution onto PAB nanocomposite using response surface methodology. Enivron. Nano. Monit. and Manag., 6(2016): 116-129 (14 pages).
1
Alidokht, L.; Khataee, A.R.; Reyhanitaba, A.; Oustan, S., (2011). Cr(VI) immobilization process in a Cr-spiked soil by zerovalent iron nanoparticle: Optimzation using response surface methodology. Clean- Soil, Air, Water, 39(7): 633-640 (8 pages).
2
Bhatia, S.; Balamurugan, G.; Baranwal, A., (2014). High arsenic contamination in drinking water hand-pumps in Khap Tola, West Champaran, Bihar, India. Front. Environ. Sci., 2(49):1-8 (9 pages).
3
Bhowmick, S.; Chakraborty, S.; Mondal, P.; Van Renterghem, W.; Van den Berghe, S.; Roman-Ross, G.; Chatterjee, D.; Iglesias, M., (2014). Montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of arsenic from aqueous solution: Kinetics and mechanism. Chem. Eng. J., 243(2014): 14-23 (10 pages).
4
Chakraborti, D.; Das, B.; Rahman, M.M.; Nayak, B.; Pal, A.; Sengupta, M.K.; Ahamed, S.; Hossain, M.A.; Chowdhury, U.K.; Biswas, B.K.; Saha, K.C.; Dutta, R.N., (2017). Arsenic in groundwater of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), India: Critical review and modes of mitigation. Chemosphere, 180:437-447 (11 pages).
5
Chang, Q.; Lin, W.; Ying, W.C., (2010). Preparation of iron-impregnated granular activated carbon for arsenic removal from drinking water. J. Hazard. Mater., 184(1): 515-522 (8 pages).
6
Chen, R.; Zhang, Z.; Feng, C.; Hu, K.; Li, M.; Li, Y.; Shimizu, K.; Chen, N.; Sugiura, N., (2010). Application of simplex-centroid mixture design in developing and optimizing ceramic adsorbent for As(V) removal from water solution. Micro. Meso. Mater., 131(1): 115-121 (7 pages).
7
Habuda-Stanic, M.; Nujic, M., (2015). Arsenic removal by nanoparticles: a review. Environ. Sci. Pollu. Res., 22(11): 8094-8123 (30 pages).
8
Jain, C.K.; Singh, R.D., (2012). Technological options for the removal of arsenic with special reference to South East Asia. J. Env. Manage., 107(2012): 1-18 (18 pages).
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25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of temporal and spatial eutrophication index in a water dam reservoir
Eutrophication is considered as a serious problem in water reservoirs. Awareness about the eutrophic status of each reservoir could help in providing a better understanding of the problem in a global scale. The present study was conducted to assess temporal and spatial eutrophication index in a water reservoir (Sahand dam) in the northwest of Iran. Physico-chemical parametres that are effective on eutrphic condition occurrence were analyzed, and trophic state index was calculated on a scale of 0-100 by measuring Secchi disk depth, chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total suspended solids, and phosphorus P/N ratio. Moreover, using the overlapping, the reservoir was mapped based on the mentioned index. Seasonal variation of dissolved solids in the reservoir was recorded due to precipitation and subsequent dilution and evaporation. Thermal stratification was observed during the summer months. The total trophic state index value was calculated as 55.5- 58.07, with minimum value belonging to P/N and maximum value belonging to suspended solids for individual parameters. There were some spatial and temporal differences for trophic state index in the reservoir. It was found that the whole area of the reservoir was in almost moderately upper-mesotrophic condition and in some target stations it was very close to eutrophic condition. The worst condition was observed in Qaranqu River as the main input to the reservoir. Due to the significant impact of suspended particles resulting from erosion of the surrounding lands on TSI value, there is an urgent need for mitigation measures to intercept eutrophication.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_29719_b97b88a4589ae62e94ef133bd419758b.pdf
2018-04-01
153
166
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.004
Eutrophication
Nutrients
Trophic state index
Water quality
Water resource
F.
Esfandi
fesfandi1@gmail.com
1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
A.H.
Mahvi
ahmahvi@yahoo.com
2
Center for Solid waste Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Mosaferi
mmosaferi@yahoo.com
3
Health and Environment Research Center, Institute for Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
F.
Armanfar
f_armanfar@yahoo.com
4
East Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Hejazi
aminhejazi@abrii.ac.ir
5
Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Maleki
malekishahram59@yahoo.com
6
Medical Geography, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Urban solid waste characterization in the east part of Black Sea region
In the current study, the solid waste characterisation that belongs to Artvin city centre, which is located in East Black Sea Region of Turkey, were searched. The study has the feature of being the first study for the country of Artvin in terms of study. The field of study is composed of 7 neighborhoods and those can be separated into 3 groups as low, middle and high level of income. In this study, 11 kind of waste were examined, which are organic, paper, plastic, glass, metal, ash, electronic, textile, garden waste, hazardous and others. The effect of seasons on the amount of waste was examined; also, the relationship between the amount of waste and the level of income was also examined by using the two-way ANOVA analysis. Furthermore, all ratios of wastes that are located in Artvin city centre were searched. According to that, the waste ratios, occurs in one year, of all neighborhoods in the Artvin city centre are found as 61.06% organic, 10.28% paper, 9% plastic, 3.20% glass, 2.29% metal, 3.87% ash, 0.037% electronic, 1.58% textile, 1.35% garden waste, 0.51 % hazardous and 7.23% others. Those obtained values were compared with other similar studies in the literature. Moreover, for collecting recyclable wastes for the city centre 3 different methods are proposed named as methods collection from households, collection from buildings and collection from neighborhoods. These methods have been studied economically and the collection from buildings method is the most appropriate among these three methods.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_29855_eca144ee24c4a37af48942688c63fbde.pdf
2018-04-01
167
182
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.005
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Black Sea
Characterization
Solid waste
urbanization
K.O.
Demirarslan
onurdemirarslan@artvin.edu.tr
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, Artvin Çoruh University, Artvin, Turkey
LEAD_AUTHOR
B.Y.
Çelik
besteyalcn@hotmail.com
2
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Erzurum, Turkey
AUTHOR
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Sun, R.; Ismail, T. M.; Ren, X.; El-Salem, M. A., (2015). Numerical and experimental studies on effects of moisture content an combustion characteristics of simulated municipal solid wastes in a fixed bed. Waste Manage., V(39): 166-178 (12 pages).
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Zhang, J.T., (2012). An approximate degrees of freedom test for heteroscedastic two-way ANOVA. J. Stat. Plann. Inference., 142(1): 336–346 (10 pages).
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33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of DEA technique in SWOT analysis of oily sludge management using fuzzy data
The proper management of oily sludge from petroleum products storage tanks is necessary because inappropriate methods for dredging of tanks may result in high costs and increased environmental pollution. The purpose of the current study is to rank the strategies outlined by strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis using data envelopment analysis model, which provides enriched insights into management of waste from dredging of tanks. As a result, with the use of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat analysis, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were determined and some management strategies for oily sludge were obtained. Afterward, fuzzy data envelopment analysis was used to prioritize the strategies. Using experts' opinions, strategies can be ranked and prioritized by solving the data envelopment analysis model according to the acquired optimal solutions. An important point in this method is that experts' opinions are also incorporated into the analysis. Sixteen strategies are presented based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat analysis and prioritized based on fuzzy data envelopment analysis. Strategies number 14 and 10, based on weakness-opportunities and strengths-threats respectively are of first priorities. Therefore, the strategies such as development of executive instructions and guidelines, elaboration of duties of managers regarding waste management and construction of a suitable and centralized site for storing oily sludge according to environmental requirements could be strategically useful for the management of oily sludge from storage tanks.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_30092_92dd3a2d723fe92c857f8ff5ebf65113.pdf
2018-04-01
183
194
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.006
Fuzzy data envelopment analysis (FDEA)
Oily sludge
Ranking strategies
Strategic Management
Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat (SWOT)
H.
Borgheipour
hasti_bo@yahoo.com
1
Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University, Parand Branch, Parand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Z.
Moghaddas
moghaddas.sahar@gmail.com
2
Department of Mathematics, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Abbassi
abbassi.monireh@gmail.com
3
Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
N.
Abbaszadeh Tehrani
tehrani@ari.ac.ir
4
Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Mahestan Street, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Adetutu, E.M.; Bird, C.; Kadali, K.K.; Bueti, A.; Shahsavari, E.; Taha, M.; Patil, S.; Sheppard, P.J.; Makadia, T.; Simons, K.L.; Ball, A.S., (2015). Exploiting the intrinsic hydrocarbon-degrading microbial capacities in oil tank bottom sludge and waste soil for sludge bioremediation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 12(4): 1427-1436 (10 pages).
1
Al-Futaisi, A.; Jamrah, A.; Yaghi, B.; Taha, R., (2007). Assessment of alternative management techniques of tank bottom petroleum sludge in Oman. J. Hazard. Mater., 141(3): 557-564 (8 pages).
2
Andersen, P.; Petersen, N.C., (1993). A procedure for ranking efficient units in data envelopment analysis. Manage. Sci., 39(10):1261-1264 (4 pages).
3
Asia, I.O.; Enweani, I.B.; Eguavoen, I.O., (2006). Characterization and treatment of sludge from the petroleum industry. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5(5): 461-466 (6 pages).
4
Borgheipour, H.; Lotfi, F.H.; Moghaddas, Z., (2017). Implementing energy efficiency for target setting in the sugar industry of Iran. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 14(8):1697-1712 (16 pages).
5
Cooper, W.W.; Li, S.; Seiford, L.M.; Tone, K.; Thrall, R.M.; Zhu, J., (2001). Sensitivity and stability analysis in DEA: some recent developments. J. Prod. Anal., 15(3): 217-246 (30 pages).
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Dubois, D.J., (1980). Fuzzy sets and systems: theory and applications (Vol. 144). Academic Press.
8
Fang, H.H.; Lee, H.S.; Hwang, S.N.; Chung, C.C., (2013). A slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis: An alternative approach. Omega, 41(4): 731-734 (4 pages).
9
Färe, R.; Grosskopf, S., (2010). Directional distance functions and slacks-based measures of efficiency. Euro. J. Ope. Res., 200(1): 320-322 (3 pages).
10
Ghorbani, M.; Bahrami, M.; Arabzad, S.M., (2012). An integrated model for supplier selection and order allocation; using Shannon entropy, SWOT and linear programming. Proc-Soc. Behav. Sci,, 41: 521-527 (7 pages).
11
Heath, G.M.; Heath, R.A.; Dundr, Z., (2004). Paraffinic sludge reduction in crude oil storage tanks through the use of shearing and resuspension. Acta Morphol. Neerl.-Scand., 9: 184-188 (5 pages).
12
Ho, W., (2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and its applications–A literature review. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 186(1): 211-228 (18 pages).
13
Hosseinzadeh, A.A.; Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, F.; Moghaddas, Z., (2016). Fuzzy efficiency: Multiplier and enveloping CCR models. Int. J. Indus. Math., 8(1): 1-8 (8 pages).
14
Hu, G.; Li, J.; Zeng, G., (2013). Recent development in the treatment of oily sludge from petroleum industry: a review. J. Hazard. Mater., 261: 470-490 (21 pages).
15
Islam, B., (2015). Petroleum sludge, its treatment and disposal: A review. Int. J. Chem. Sci., 13(4):1584–1602 (19 pages).
16
Jafarinejad, S., (2016). Petroleum waste treatment and pollution control. 1st. Ed., Elsevier Publisher.
17
Jahantigh, M.; Hosseinzadeh, L.F.; Moghaddas, Z., (2013). Ranking of DMUs by using TOPSIS and diferent ranking models in DEA. Int. J. Ind. Math., 5(3): 217-225 (9 pages).
18
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Klir, G.J.;Yuan, B., (1995). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. (Vol. 4). New Jersey: Prentice hall.
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Kriipsalu, M.; Marques, M.; Maastik, A., (2008). Characterization of oily sludge from a wastewater treatment plant flocculation-flotation unit in a petroleum refinery and its treatment implications. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 10(1): 79-86 (8 pages).
21
Liu, W.B.; Zhang, D.Q.; Meng, W.; Li, X.X.; Xu, F., (2011). A study of DEA models without explicit inputs. Omega. 39(5): 472-480 (9 pages).
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24
Moogouei, R., (2014). A SWOT analysis of aquaculture development in rural areas of Iran, an application to Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int. J. Aquat. Biol., 2(1): 36-42 (7 pages).
25
NIOPDC, (2017). National Iranian Oil Products Distribution Company.
26
Nouri, J.; Lotfi, F.H.; Borgheipour, H.; Atabi, F.; Sadeghzadeh, S.M.; Moghaddas, Z., (2013). An analysis of the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the vegetable oil industry of Iran: a data envelopment analysis approach. J. Cleaner Prod., 52: 84-93 (10 pages).
27
Philemon, Z.B.O.; Benoît, N.M., (2013). Treatment of conditioned oily sludge from Cameroon petroleum refinery by centrifugation. Int. J. Environ. Sci., 3(5): 1373-1382 (10 pages).
28
Saati, S.M.; Memariani, A.; Jahanshahloo, G.R., (2002). Efficiency analysis and ranking of DMUs with fuzzy data. Fuzzy Opt. Decis. Mak, 1(3): 255-267 (13 pages).
29
Shahba, S.; Arjmandi, R.; Monavari, M.; Ghodusi, J., (2017). Application of multi-attribute decision-making methods in SWOT analysis of mine waste management: Case study: Sirjan's Golgohar iron mine, Iran Resour. Policy, 51: 67-76 (10 pages).
30
Tone, K., (2001). A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. Eur. J. Ope. Res., 130(3): 498-509 (12 pages).
31
Zade, l.A., (1965). Fuzzy Sets. Inf. control 8: 338-353 (16 pages).
32
Zare, K.; Mehri-Tekmeh, J.; Karimi, S., (2015). A SWOT framework for analyzing the electricity supply chain using an integrated AHP methodology combined with fuzzy-Topsis. Int. Strategy Manage. Rev., 3(1): 66-80 (15 pages).
33
Zimmermann, A., (1986). Fuzzy sets theory and its application. Kluwer, Dorrecht.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An approach towards effective ecological planning: Quantitative analysis of urban green space characteristics
In the best practices, planning of urban green spaces is managed in such a way that it follows the key principles such as meeting per capita standards and providing accessible and balanced distribution of these spaces all across the city. In the context of emerging economy, these principles are unfortunately not followed strictly all times. In this study, it is attempted to investigate Tabriz city of Iran is in terms of ecological planning to quantitatively analyse its green space characteristics. The used methodology includes determining the relevant urban green space development indicators (e.g. accessibility, per capita supply, balanced distribution, and continuous development of urban green spaces) from the literature and using the secondary data collected from variety of sources to analyse the study area. The study seeks to provide a comprehensive view on status of green spaces in Tabriz in the light of ecological principles and indicators and GIS-based spatial analysis. Results indicate that: a) Green space per capita provision in Tabriz is much lower than the national and international standards (some districts offer only 0-1 sq.m. per capita green space); b) Districts of Tabriz do not have a balanced distribution of green spaces and access to green spaces on foot (only 18% of the population can access green spaces within a 5 minute walk); c) Except for the provided street side green spaces, all other passive or active types of green spaces in Tabriz are not continuously linked (no continuity to form a green corridor or linear greenways). This study also comes up with some recommendations for Tabriz and other cities with similar characteristics.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_30269_b8bc98ea9553790f2776bb9a618807ca.pdf
2018-04-01
195
206
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.007
Ecological planning
Green space accessibility
Sustainable city
Sustainable urban development
Urban green spaces
R.
Teimouri
r.teymuri@tabrizu.ac.ir
1
Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
T.
Yigitcanlar
tan.yigitcanlar@qut.edu.au
2
World Capital Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Akbarpour-Saraskanroud, M.; Garakhlou, M.; Norouzi, M., (2009). Evaluation and locating of green space in 9th District of Tehran. J. Appl. Res. Geogr. Sci., 11(14): 76-104 (29 pages).
1
Aminzadeh, B.; Khansefid, M., (2009). A case study of urban ecological networks and a sustainable city: Tehran’s metropolitan area. J. Sci. Urban Ecosyst., 13: 23-36 (14 pages).
2
Brierley, G.J.; Fryirs, K.; Jain, V., (2006). Landscape connectivity: the geographic basis of geomorphic application. Area, 38: 165-174 (10 pages).
3
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7
Dizdaroglu, D.; Yigitcanlar, T., (2014). A parcel-scale assessment tool to measure sustainability through urban ecosystem components: the MUSIX model. Ecol. Indic., 41: 115-130 (16 pages).
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Ebrahimzadeh, I.; Ebadi Jokandan, E., (2008). The spatial analysis of allocation of greenbelt utilization of the third civil zone of zahedan, J. Geogr. Dev., 6(11): 39-58 (20 pages).
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Farajzadeh, M.; Hakimi, H., (2009). Network analysis and its applications in urban planning. Sepehr. 70: 52-63 (12 pages).
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Gill, S.E.; Handley, J.F.; Ennos, A.R.; Pauleit, S., (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built Environ, 30: 97-115 (19 pages).
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Groenewegen, P.P.; van den Berg, A.E.; de Vries, S.; Verheij, R.A., (2006). Vitamin G: effects of green space on health, well-being, and social safety. BMC Public Health, 6: 149 (9 pages).
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Gudes, O.; Kendall, E.; Yigitcanlar, T.; Pathak, V.; Baum, S., (2010). Rethinking health planning: a framework for organising information to underpin collaborative health planning. Health Inf. Mananage. J., 39: 18-29 (12 pages).
13
Li, H.; Chen, W.; He, W., (2015). Planning of Green Space Ecological Network in Urban Areas: An Example of Nanchang, China. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12: 12889-12904 (16 pages).
14
Luber, G.; McGeehin, M., (2008). Climate change and extreme heat events. Am. J. Preventive Med., 35: 429-435 (7 pages).
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Maas, J.; Verheij, R.A.; Groenewegen, P.P.; de Vries, S.; Spreeuwenberg, P., (2006). Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? Epidemiol. Community Health, 60: 587-592 (6 pages).
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Mersal, A., (2017). Eco-city: challenge and opportunities in transferring a city in to green city. Procedia Environ. Sci., 37: 22-33 (12 pages).
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Mitchell, R.; Popham, F., (2007). Greenspace, urbanity and health: relationships in England. Epidemiol. Community Health, 61: 681-683 (3 pages).
18
Najihah M.; Nor, A.; Corstanje, N.; Harris, J.; Brewer, T., (2017). Impact of rapid urban expansion on green space structure, Ecol. Indic., 81: 274-284 (11 pages).
19
Oliveira, S.; Andrade, H.; Vaz, T., (2011). The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study in Lisbon, Build. Environ., 46(11): 2186-2194 (9 pages).
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Piri, K.; Rezayirad, H., (2006). Eco-park. The 1st International Conference of Premier City, Superior Design, Hamedan Municipality Development Organization, Iran (11 pages).
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Prezza, M.; Amici, M.; Roberti, T.; Tedeschi, G., (2001). Sense of community referred to the whole town: its relations with neighbouring, loneliness, life satisfaction, and area of residence. J. Com. Psychol., 29(1): 29-52 (24 pages).
23
Rahimi, A., (2013). Evaluation of spatial-physical development with an emphasis on infill development, the case study; Tabriz, Ph.D. thesis. Faculty of Geography and Planning Tabriz University, Iran (239 pages).
24
Salehi, A.; Ramazani, M.; Majidi, H.; Davoodi, S.M.; Basiri, R., (2013). Evaluation of urban parks spatial distribution using network analysis, case study: Tehran, J. Urb. Management, 32, 153-162 (10 pages).
25
Sharifi, A.; Chiba, Y.; Okamoto, K.; Yokoyama, S.; Murayama, A., (2014). Can master planning control and regulate urban growth in Vientiane Laos? Landscape Urban Plann.. 131: 1-13 (13 pages).
26
Sarimin, M.; Yigitcanlar, T., (2012). Towards a comprehensive and integrated knowledge-based urban development model: status quo and directions. Int. J. Knowledge-Based Dev., 3(2): 175-192 (18 pages).
27
Sugiyama, T.; Leslie, E.; Giles-Corti, B.; Owen, N., (2008). Association of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: Do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationship? Epidemiol. Community Health, 62(5): e9 (16 pages).
28
Takano, T.; Nakamura, K.; Watanabe, M., (2002). Urban residential environments and senior citizens’ longevity in megacity areas. The importance of walkable green spaces, Epidemiol. Community Health, 56, 913-918 (6 pages).
29
Teimouri, R.; Roostayi, S.; Zamani, A.A.; Ahadnejad, M., (2010). Assessment of spatial suitability of urban parks using GIS, a case study, neighborhood park of 2nd District of Tabriz city. Geog. Space, 30: 137-168 (32 pages).
30
Tjallingii, S., (2003). Green and red: enemies or allies? The Utrecht experience with green structure planning. Built Environ. 29: 107-116 (10 pages).
31
Tian, Y.; Liu, Y.; Jim, C.Y.; Song, H., (2017). Assessing structural connectivity of urban green spaces in metropolitan Hong Kong. Sustainability, 9: 1653 (16 pages).
32
Todes, A., (2012). Urban growth and strategic spatial planning in Johannesburg, South Africa. Cities, 29: 158-165 (8 pages).
33
Turrini, T.; Knop, E., (2015). A landscape ecology approach identifies important drivers of urban biodiversity. Global Change Biol., 21: 1652-1667 (16 pages).
34
Van den Berg, A.E.; Maas, J.; Verheij, R.A.; Groenewegen, P.P., (2010). Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. Soc. Sci. Med., 70(8): 1203-1210 (8 pages).
35
Waldheim, C., (2006). The landscape urbanism reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press (288 pages).
36
Werquin, A.C.; Duhem, B.; Lindholm, G.; Oppermann, B.; Pauleit, S.; Tjallingii, S., (2005). Green structure and urban planning: final report of COST Action C. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities (39 pages).
37
Wolch, J.; Byrne., J.; Newell, J., (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape Urban Planning., 125: 234-244 (11 pages).
38
Yigitcanlar, T.; Dodson, J.; Gleeson, B.; Sipe, N., (2007). Travel self-containment in master planned estates: analysis of recent Australian trends. Urban Policy Res., 25: 129-149 (21 pages).
39
Yigitcanlar, T., (2009). Planning for smart urban ecosystems: information technology applications for capacity building in environmental decision making. Theor. Empiric. Res. Urban Manage., 4: 5-21 (17 pages).
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of runoff harvesting through semi-circular bund on some soil characteristics
In this study, to investigate the effects of runoff harvesting on soil properties in the semiarid forest, runoff harvesting through semi-circular bund was considered as a method to conserve soil and thereby combat tree mortality. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, runoff was harvested through the semi-circular bund affecting soil quality and moisture storage. The selected forest site is located in Kalehzard, Kermanshah, in Zagros region of western Iran. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four treatment plots: bund with protection, protection treatment, bund without protection and control treatment. The results showed that the mean values of soil organic carbon in the bund with protection, protection treatment, bund without protection and control treatment were 2.35, 2.40, 1.90, and 1.80%, respectively, indicating no significant difference among them in the first year, while there were significant (p> 0.05) increases in the bund with protection and protection treatment after three years. Furthermore, coarse and very coarse soil aggregates increased significantly in the bund with protection treatment. This treatment also attributed to significant reduction in soil bulk density from 1.46 (in the first year) to 1.32 (in the third year), which enhanced soil moisture content. Finally it was found that bunds with protection significantly curtail dieback and adverse re-growing of stands due to the coupled effects of bund building and protection to curtail forest mortality in the semi-arid regions.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_30105_fe843808c87aced0bed55c29fe199a52.pdf
2018-04-01
207
216
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.008
Bund construction
Bulk density
Kalehzard site
Protection treatment
Soil aggregate
Soil Moisture
M.
Heshmati
heshmati46@gmail.com
1
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Gheitury
m-ghatori50@yahoo.com
2
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Hosseini
mjhosaini@gmail.com
3
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ackermann, K.; Schöning, A.; Wegner, M.; Wetzer, A., (2012). Good practices in soil and water conservation, A contribution to adaptation and farmers´ resilience towards climate change in the Sahel. Int. Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn and Eschborn, Germany.
1
Adham, A.; Wesseling, J.G.; Riksen, M.; Ouessar, M.; Ritsema, Cj., (2016). A water harvesting model for optimizing rainwater harvesting in the wadi Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia. Agri. Water. Manage., 175: 191-202 (12 pages).
2
Allen, C.D.; Breshears, D.D.; McDowell, N.G., (2015). On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 6 (8):129-137 (9 pages).
3
Ali, A., Yazarb, A., Aalc, A.A., Oweisd, A. and Hayekd, P., (2010). Micro-catchment water harvesting potential of an arid environment. Agric. Water Manage., 98: 96–104 (9 pages).
4
An, S.; Mentler, A.; Mayer, H.; Blum, W.H., (2010). Soil aggregation, aggregate stability, organic carbon and nitrogen in different soil aggregate fractions under and shrub vegetation on the Loess Plateau, China. CATENA, 81(3): 135-145 (11 pages).
5
Attarod, P.; Rostami, R.; Dolatshahi, A.; Sadeghi, M.M.; Zahedi Amiri, G.; Cavaleri, M.; Bayramzadeh, V.; Beiranvand, A., (2015). Trending evapotranspiration and investigating the meteorological paramaters influenced on climate change in the Zagros forests and their effects on decline. The U.S.-Iran Symposium on Climate Change, March 30-April 1, Irvine, California.
6
Aydrous, A. E.; Elamin, A.M.; Abuzied, M.H.; Salih, S.A.R.; Mahmoud Elsheik, M.A., (2015). Effect of some micro-catchment water harvesting techniques on some soil physical properties. Agric. For. Fish, 4 (2): 55-58 (4 pages).
7
Bertol, I.; Engel, F.L.; Mafra, A.L.; Bertol, O.J.; Ritter S.R., (2007). Phosphorus, potassium and organic carbon concentrations in run-off water and sediments under different soil tillage systems during soybean growth. Soil Tillage Res., 94: 142-150 (9 pages).
8
Bisoyi, E. L. K., (2008). Rain Water Harvesting – An ultimate need in 21st Century, National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. Nagpur.
9
Blanco, H.; Lal, R., (2008). Principles of Soil Conservation and Management Springer Publisher, New York.
10
Čermák P.;Rybníček M.; Žid T.; Andreassen K.; Børja I.; Kolář T., (2017). Impact of climate change on growth dynamics of Norway spruce in south-eastern Norway. Silva Fenn., 51 (2):1-16 (16 pages).
11
Clark, J.S.; Iverson, L.; Woodall, C.W.; Allen, C.D.; Bell, D.M.; Bragg, D.C.; D'Amato, A.W.; Davi, F.W.; Hersh, M.H.; Ibanez, I.; Jackson, S.T.; Matthews, S.; Pederson, N.; Peters, M.; Schwartz, M.W.; Waring, K.M.; Zimmermann, N.E., (2016). The impacts of increasing drought on dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States. Global Change. Biol., 22: 2329–2352 (24 pages).
12
Chmura, D.J.; ,Anderson, P.D.; Howe, G.T.; Harrington, C.A.; Halofsky, J.E.; Peterson, D.L.; Shaw, D.C.; Brad ST.; Clair, J., (2011) . Forest responses to climate change in the northwestern United States: Ecophysiological foundations for adaptive management. For. Ecol. Manage., 261 (7), 1121-1142 (22 pages).
13
Crittenden, N.P.; Heinen, M.; Balen, D.J.M.; Pulleman, M.M., (2015). Soil physical quality in contrasting tillage systems in organic and conventional farming. Soil Tillage Res., 154: 136–144 (9 pages).
14
Dernbach, J.; Kakade, S., (2008). Climate Change Law: An Introduction. Energy. Law. J., 29 (1): 20-29(10 pages).
15
Eynard, A.; Schumacher, T.E.; Lindstrom, M.J.; Malo, D.D., (2005). Effects of agricultural management systems on soil organic carbon in aggregates of ustolls and usterts. Soil Tillage Res., 81: 253–263 (11 pages).
16
Gheitury, M.; Tavakoli, A,. (2008). Vegetation cover of natural resources in the Merek Site. CGIAR challenge program on water and food and agriculture and natural resources. Research Center of Kermanshah, Iran (in Persian).
17
Henareh Khalyani, A.; Mayer, M.L.; Falkowski, M.J.; Muralidharan, D., (2012). Deforestation and landscape structure changes related to socioeconomic dynamics and climate change in Zagros forests. J. Land Use Sci., 6: 1-20 (20 pages).
18
Heshmati, M.; Arifin, A.; Shamshuddin, J.; Majid, N.M.; Ghaituri, M., (2011). Factors affecting landslides occurrence in agro-ecological zones in the Merek catchment, Iran. J. Arid Environ., 75: 1072-1082 (11 pages).
19
Heshmati, M.; Arifin, A.; Shamshuddin, J.; Majid, N.M., (2012). Predicting N, P, K and organic carbon depletion in soils using MPSIAC model at the Merek catchment, Iran. Geoderma, 175-176: 64-77 (14 pages).
20
Heshmati, M.; Gheitury, M.; Parvizi, Y.; Hosseini. M., (2015). Effect of converting to rainfed lands on spatial variability of soil chemical properties in the Zagros Forest, western of Iran. Ecopersia, 3 (4): 1161-1174 (14 pages).
21
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53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Quality assessment of treated wastewater to be reused in agriculture
In this study, the quality of a treated wastewater for agricultural and irrigation purposes was investigated. 39 quality parameters were investigated at the entrance of an effluent channel to the destination plain in monthly time intervals during a year. The aim of this study was drawing an analogy between analyses results and the latest standards in the world (nationwide and internationally), the agricultural and irrigation usage indexes and the Wilcox diagram. The results showed that some parameters such as turbidity, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, sodium, detergents, total coliform and focal coliform, ammonium, residual sodium carbonate, the Kelly’s Ratio and the Wilcox diagram were exceeding the permissible limit and are not suitable for agriculture and irrigation. It was found that the aquifers in the study area were polluted by natural salinity and geogenic source. As a result, application of the treated wastewater from Qom for agriculture and irrigation purposes needs to be revised and monitored. An action plan is also needed to manage a huge source of water and to avoid further environmental and health risks.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_30399_01d3772e24a59a4fbed6caac0b96541f.pdf
2018-04-01
217
230
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.009
Effluent quality
Irrigation
Reuse
Salinity index
water resource management
M.H.
Rahimi
8mhr14@gmail.com
1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
N.
Kalantari
n.kalantari@scu.ac.ir
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Sharifidoost
gsi.sharifidoost@gmail.com
3
Geological Survey and Mineral Explorations of Iran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Kazemi
m-kazemi@stu.scu.ac.ir
4
Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Alkhamisi, S.A.; Ahmed, M., (2014). Opportunities and challenges of using treated wastewater in agriculture. Environ. Cost Face Agric., 109-123 (15 pages).
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44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Land use impacts on surface water quality by statistical approaches
Surface waters are the most important economic resource for humans which provide water for agricultural, industrial and anthropogenic activities. Surface water quality plays vital role in protecting aquatic ecosystems. Unplanned urbanization, intense agricultural activities and deforestation are positively associated with carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous related water quality parameters. Multiple buffers give robust land use land cover and water quality model and highlight the impacts of land use land cover characteristics on water quality parameters at various scales which will guide watershed managers for particular application of best management practices to enhance stream health. Traditionally, water quality data collections are based on discrete sampling and were analyzed through statistical techniques which were designed for spatially isolated measurements. Traditional multivariate statistical approaches uncover hidden information in water quality data but they are unable to expose spatial relationship. The complexity of information in water quality data needs new statistical approaches which uncover spatiotemporal variability. This review briefly discusses influences of land use land cover characteristics on surface water quality, effects of spatial scale on land use land cover- water quality relationship, and water quality modeling using various statistical approaches. Every statistical method has unique purpose, application and solves different problems. This review article pinpoints that how statistical approaches in combination with spatial scale can be applied to develop statistically significant land use land cover- water quality relationship for better water quality evaluation.
https://www.gjesm.net/article_29934_265c12246687faa7d04a5b968fcf42f1.pdf
2018-04-01
231
250
10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.010
Agricultural activities
Land use land cover (LULC)
Statistical approach
urbanization
Water quality
K.
Ullah
afedullah@yahoo.com
1
School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
AUTHOR
J.
Jiang
jiangjp@sustech.edu.cn
2
School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
LEAD_AUTHOR
P.
Wang
pwang73@vip.sina.com
3
School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
AUTHOR
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