Environmental Science
M.N. Hidayat; R. Wafdan; M. Ramli; Z.A. Muchlisin; S. Rizal
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Understanding the correlation between tidal rhythms and marine organism behavior is crucial. This extends beyond fluctuations in chlorophyll a concentrations and includes various biological processes in the marine environment. Awareness is key for a comprehensive perspective ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Understanding the correlation between tidal rhythms and marine organism behavior is crucial. This extends beyond fluctuations in chlorophyll a concentrations and includes various biological processes in the marine environment. Awareness is key for a comprehensive perspective on the role of tidal forces, affecting ocean’s physical aspects and life form diversity. This study aims to explore the complex relationship between tidal movements and chlorophyll a concentrations in the northern Bay of Bengal, focusing on how tidal rhythms affect chlorophyll a concentrations.METHODS: The analyzed variables include tidal parameters, such as lunar semidiurnal tidal characteristics and Simpson–Hunter parameters, as well as sea level, tidal current, and current magnitude, obtained from the tidal model driver. Additionally, hourly chlorophyll a data for January 2022 were acquired from the geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari-8, and the rate of change of chlorophyll a was determined through chlorophyll a calculations. This study employs wavelet analysis, applying continuous wavelet transform and wavelet transform coherence for chlorophyll a, rate of change of chlorophyll a, sea level, tidal current, and current magnitude, to explore oscillation patterns and temporal correlations within the marine ecosystem of the northern Bay of Bengal.FINDINGS: Lunar semidiurnal tidal amplitudes increase toward the north, peaking at the Sagar and Ramree Islands, and tidal phases rise from south to northeast. Most of the bay, categorized by <0.25 Formzahl values, experiences semidiurnal tides. Surface lunar semidiurnal elliptic currents, stronger in the north and east, flow clockwise and turn counterclockwise toward the south. The Simpson–Hunter parameter indicates heightened tidal mixing, particularly along the northern and eastern coasts. Region 2 showed the highest mean chlorophyll a concentration (12.58 milligram per cubic meter), whereas Region 1 showed the lowest mean chlorophyll a concentration (0.79 milligram per cubic meter). Similar trends were observed for tidal current and current magnitude. The continuous wavelet transform analysis provides data on chlorophyll a and the rate of change of chlorophyll a within 6, 12, and 24 hour, sea level changes within 8–16 hours, and consistent tidal effects on tidal current and current magnitude in the range of 5–7 hour. The wavelet transform coherence analysis highlights the relationships between chlorophyll a and sea level over 12- and 24- hour periods and between chlorophyll a and current magnitude. Furthermore, the wavelet transform coherence analysis examines the rate of change in chlorophyll a in relation to tidal currents over 6, 12, and 24 hour.CONCLUSION: Tides remarkably affect chlorophyll a concentrations. There are strong links between chlorophyll a concentrations and key tidal aspects, such as sea level and current magnitude. Higher tidal variables correlate with increased chlorophyll a concentrations and are related to the Simpson–Hunter parameter, indicating that regions with vigorous mixing show higher chlorophyll a concentrations. This finding highlights the major role of tidal forces and variations in the chlorophyll a concentrations in the Bay of Bengal. The wavelet transform coherence analysis of chlorophyll a, sea level, and current magnitude data in Regions 1, 2, and 3 show notable coherence in all areas.
Environmental Science
M. Kamaraj; P. Kamali; R. Kaviya; K. Abishek; B. Navinkumar; T.G. Nithya; L.S. Wong; J. Aravind
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and organic dye pollution is associated with an increased risk of toxicity, hazard, and cancer due to their widespread use. Exogenous endocrine disruptors are responsible for interfering with reproduction and development because they ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and organic dye pollution is associated with an increased risk of toxicity, hazard, and cancer due to their widespread use. Exogenous endocrine disruptors are responsible for interfering with reproduction and development because they can either stimulate or decrease endogenous hormone responses. This work explores the feasibility of human hair biochar as a potential adsorbent for possible solid waste management processes to minimize environmental pollution. Malachite green and bisphenol-A were selected as model pollutants, and the response surface methodology was used to identify the maximal removal of these hazardous substances.METHODS: Samples of human hair waste are collected and processed. After air drying for 24 hours, it was carbonized in a hot air oven at 200 degrees Celsius for 3 hours to obtain the human hair biochar. The biochar was subjected to various instrumental analyses to ascertain the characteristics of the biochar. Both malachite green and bisphenol-A adsorption experiments are performed in a batch method. Initial pollutant concentration (100 milligrams per liter), the volume of pollutant solution (50 milliliters), temperature (37 degrees Celsius), and agitation speed of orbital shaker (150 rotation per minute) are established as constants in this investigation. Data obtained from an Ultra Violet-Visible spectrophotometer was used to design expert software to calculate adsorption efficiency. Data variables A, B, and C included the potential of hydrogen (3, 6, 9), duration (60, 150, 240 minutes), and adsorbent dose (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 gram per liter) in the Response Surface Methodology experiment.FINDINGS: The human hair biochar is characterized by analytical methods, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analysis revealed that it has a porous nature and extensive surface area, an amorphous structure, and various functional groups. The efficiency of adsorbent investigated over Malachite green and bisphenol-A in a batch experiment and performance variation of three parameters: A: potential of hydrogen (3, 6, 9), B: duration (60, 150, 240 minutes), and C: Human hair biochar dose (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 gram per liter) were evaluated via box-behnken design. Through analysis of variance and numerical expectation, the optimal potential of hydrogen, duration, and Human hair biochar dose was predicted as 3, 150 minutes, and 0.5 grams per liter, which resulted in a maximum removal of 96 percent for malachite green and 83 percent for bisphenol-A.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the facile heat-assisted development of biochar from human hair waste as a potential candidate for environmental remediation. The topography, structure, surface area, and functional group analysis of human hair biochar were carried out using analytical techniques that reveal the biochar has the potential for adsorbent characteristics. The adsorption efficiency of human hair biochar was demonstrated for malachite green (96 percent) and bisphenol-A (83 percent) response surface methodology under optimal conditions. The results suggested the model's relevance for the sorption of dyes and contaminants. The current study concludes that biochar can be prepared using a less expensive method and can be an alternate option to remove the dyes and other emerging contaminants in the aqueous matrix.
Environmental Science
F. Fuentes Gandara; I. Piñeres Ariza; A. Zambrano Arevalo; G. Castellar Ortega; C. Herrera Herrera; S. Castro Muñoz; G. Peluffo Foliaco; J. Pinedo-Hernández
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The textile industry is known to produce large amounts of dyes and other harmful contaminants. This issue is of great importance as it adversely affects both water resources and the well-being of organisms. To address this issue, biochar is frequently used as a sustainable ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The textile industry is known to produce large amounts of dyes and other harmful contaminants. This issue is of great importance as it adversely affects both water resources and the well-being of organisms. To address this issue, biochar is frequently used as a sustainable and environmentally friendly material for removing chemical contaminants during wastewater treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of utilizing biochar obtained from banana peels as a promising bioadsorbent for reducing environmental pollution caused by direct navy blue dye. The research investigated various factors such as temperature, potential of hydrogen levels, particle size, and concentrations to determine the effectiveness of biochar in dye removal.METHODS: The biochar obtained was separated into powdered and granular forms based on particle sizes of 425 and 850 micrometer, respectively. The biochar's textural characteristics were assessed through nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the Boehm method were employed to analyze and measure organic functional groups, specifically acidic groups, for identification and quantification purposes. Batch experiments were performed to ascertain the effects of the initial concentration and potential of hydrogen on the adsorption capacity and removal percentage.FINDINGS: The results indicated that the powdered biochar obtained at 500 degrees Celsius had the higher surface area, with a value of 80.4 square meter per gram. The biochar demonstrated remarkable removal percentages, achieving 97 percent at the lowest concentration and 89 percent at the highest concentration, when the potential of hydrogen was adjusted to a value of 6. The Freundlich model gave the best fit to the experimental data for this biochar and obeyed pseudo second order kinetics, with correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.99, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of the high removal efficiency achieved by biochar derived from banana peel waste in the removal of direct navy blue dye. Precise temperature control during the calcination process is essential to ensure its favorable chemical and textural properties. The unique attributes of banana peel biochar position it as an exceptionally promising adsorbent material. Not only is it cost-effective and environmentally friendly, but it also outperforms current wastewater treatment technologies in terms of competitiveness. Its remarkable ability to reduce contaminants, particularly the removal of dyes, further solidifies its potential as a highly effective solution.
Environmental Science
L. Fitriyana; M.D. Supardan; Y. Aisyah; Irfan .
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Calophyllum inophyllum (C. inophyllum), or Nyamplung, seeds contain various active compounds. Using C. inophyllum seeds as a source of flavonoids for natural antioxidants can increase their economic value and provide alternative compounds for cosmetics, including lotions. This ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Calophyllum inophyllum (C. inophyllum), or Nyamplung, seeds contain various active compounds. Using C. inophyllum seeds as a source of flavonoids for natural antioxidants can increase their economic value and provide alternative compounds for cosmetics, including lotions. This study applied maceration and ultrasonic methods using ethanol to extract the active compounds from the C. inophyllum seeds. The study optimised extracting the antioxidant components from C. inophyllum seeds using response surface methodology.METHODS: The experimental design used in this study was response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design to model the influence of variables on the response of the yield and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained through maceration and ultrasonic extraction and to model lotion formulation. The extraction methods were designed with three variables (extraction time, solvent concentration, and sample–solvent ratio) and three levels (low, medium, and high), and the compounds in the extracts were analysed. Lotion formulation was designed with three variables (C. inophyllum seed extract, Tween 80, and carbomer) and three levels (low, medium, and high), and the quality of the lotion product (antioxidant activity and viscosity) was analysed.Results: The C. inophyllum seed extract obtained through maceration had stronger antioxidant activity than that obtained using the ultrasonic method, with 50 per cent inhibition concentration values of 13.154 and 16.343 part per million, respectively. Characterisation with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy revealed ten compounds with major percentage values, among them 2''-(trimethylsilyl)oxy-3,4,4'',5- tetramethoxychalcone (49.70 per cent). This compound played an important role in enhancing antioxidant activity in C. inophyllum seeds extracted through maceration, whereas butylated hydroxytoluene (9.16 per cent) was important in the extract obtained using the ultrasonic method. The lotion produced from the C. inophyllum seed extract contained high antioxidant activity with a 50 per cent inhibition concentration of 4.621 part per million; the toxicity text showed it was safe to be used (50 per cent lethal concentration of 789 grams per millilitre).CONCLUSION: The results showed the effectiveness of this approach in determining the optimal conditions to maximise antioxidant content. The maceration method better ability enhanced the antioxidant activity capacity of C. inophyllum seeds compared to the ultrasonic method, as indicated by the response surface method. Both extraction methods produced the same secondary metabolite compounds with a promising reservoir of antioxidant compounds. In addition, the findings of this study showed the high antioxidant activity of C. inophyllum seed extract lotion, which could be developed for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and other applications.
Environmental Science
W.O.S. Rizki; E. Ratnaningsih; D.G.T. Andini; S. Komariah; A.T. Simbara; R. Hertadi
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Petroleum-based plastics produce tremendous amounts of plastic waste every year, which contributes to environmental problems. Biological polymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, have caught attention as an ecofriendly substitute to petroleum-based plastics. The present study ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Petroleum-based plastics produce tremendous amounts of plastic waste every year, which contributes to environmental problems. Biological polymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, have caught attention as an ecofriendly substitute to petroleum-based plastics. The present study focused on the production, enhancement, and characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate from the prospective local bacterium Halomonas elongata. This research aimed to develop an environmentally sustainable material for reducing the accumulation of plastic waste in the ecosystem.METHODS: A local bacterial strain from Mud Crater Bledug Kuwu, Grobogan, Central Java, Indonesia, was isolated and identified as Halomonas elongata. Nile red staining method confirmed that this bacterium accumulated polyhydroxybutyrate. The effect of incubation time, sodium chloride concentration, nitrogen, and carbon sources were evaluated via gas chromatography to enhance its productivity. The functional groups of isolated polyhydroxybutyrate were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Morphology and composition were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis were used to analyze thermal stability.FINDINGS: Halomonas elongata produced polyhydroxybutyrate utilizing glucose as a carbon source, as evidenced by orange-fluorescence colonies under ultraviolet light. The optimum condition of polyhydroxybutyrate production was achieved when the bacterium was cultivated in a high medium containing 5 percent sodium chloride, 0.2 percent yeast extract, and 5 percent glucose (as measured by weight per volume) after 72 hours of incubation. The maximum polyhydroxybutyrate production in this medium reached 2.93 ± 0.03 gram per liter dry cell weight and 78 ± 1 percent polyhydroxybutyrate concentration. Structural elucidation studies revealed that the biopolymer produced by this bacterium was high-purity polyhydroxybutyrate, as proven by the presence of functional groups and proton resonance signals in the monomer structure. The isolated polyhydroxybutyrate consisted of 14 percent carbon and 86 percent oxygen. Thermal stability analysis showed that the isolated polyhydroxybutyrate had a maximum decomposition temperature of 270 degrees Celsius. Micrographically, the isolated polyhydroxybutyrate appeared as a sheet structure with interconnected fibers measuring 0.7–0.8 micromter in length. This finding also demonstrates that the isolated polyhydroxybutyrate has good thermal stability given that fibers linked each polyhydroxybutyrate molecule, which boosted the structure of polyhydroxybutyrate.CONCLUSION: This study successfully synthesized polyhydroxybutyrate using a local strain of Halomonas elongata, with glucose as a carbon source. Physicochemical characterization revealed that polyhydroxybutyrate from this bacterium has a high thermal stability. The yield of polyhydroxybutyrate can be increased through the improvement of production parameters. This research emphasizes an important milestone toward the large-scale production of polyhydroxybutyrate for application as food packaging while reducing environmental issues.
Environmental Science
S.H. Larekeng; M. Nursaputra; M.F. Mappiasse; S. Ishak; M. Basyuni; E. Sumarga; V.B. Arifanti; A.A. Aznawi; Y.I. Rahmila; M. Yulianti; R. Rahmania; A. Mubaraq; S.G. Salmo III; H. Ali; I. Yenny
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon stocks. However, there is a lack of information on mangrove distribution and their carbon absorption abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap by gathering data on the ability of ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon stocks. However, there is a lack of information on mangrove distribution and their carbon absorption abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap by gathering data on the ability of mangrove forest areas to absorb carbon stocks. Specifically, this study aims to assess the carbon absorption potential of the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem through field surveys, allometric calculations, and unmanned aerial vehicle imagery.METHODS: The methodology employed in this study consisted of field surveys, allometric calculations, and multispectral aerial imagery processing along the coastal of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, within the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem. Field surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of each mangrove stand and measure their diameter at breast height. The allometric formula was then used to calculate mangrove biomass, which was subsequently converted into carbon stock values. Aerial imagery was processed using the normalized difference vegetation index, followed by a regression analysis between normalized difference vegetation index and carbon stock values to obtain a carbon stock estimation model.FINDINGS: The results of the analysis of red-green-blue aerial imagery from the multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle has provided valuable insights into the extent of mangrove vegetation cover in the Lantebung mangrove forest area, revealing it to be 14.18 hectares. The normalized difference vegetation index results indicated that mangrove objects fall within a value range of 0.21–1, categorized into three density classes: high-, medium-, and low-density mangroves. The field surveys confirmed the presence of three types of mangroves in Lantebung Makassar, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Avicennia sp. The regression analysis conducted to assess the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index value and carbon stocks yielded the equation model carbon stock = 474.61, vegetation Index value + 17.238, with a linear regression value of 0.7945. The carbon stock values for low-density class mangrove areas were predicted to range between 17.24 and 288.64 tons carbon per hectare, medium-density mangroves' carbon stocks to be between 126.04 and 391.14 tons carbon per hectare, and high-density mangrove areas' carbon stocks to range from 258.04 to 491.85 tons carbon per hectare.CONCLUSION: The utilization of drones as a technique for monitoring carbon stocks has offered significant benefits. Drones equipped with multispectral sensors enable the collection of precise and comprehensive data on vegetation and elevation in many ecological systems. The survey and subsequent analysis highlighted the wide variation in the density of mangrove forests in the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem. This study demonstrated a strong correlation between the normalized difference vegetation index extracted using unmanned aerial vehicle and mangrove carbon levels obtained from actual field measurements.
Environmental Science
I. Marzuki; I. Pratama; R. Asaf; A. Athirah; K. Nisaa; N. Nurbaya; M. Muslimin; N. Nurhidayah; S. Suwardi; A. Sahrijanna; K. Kamaruddin
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The quality and production volume of the cultivation of tiger prawn Penaeus monodon have decreased considerably in the last two decades. However, intensification and extensification efforts, including the application of cultivation technology through pond land recovery, have ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The quality and production volume of the cultivation of tiger prawn Penaeus monodon have decreased considerably in the last two decades. However, intensification and extensification efforts, including the application of cultivation technology through pond land recovery, have not produced expected results. Visible symptoms suggest potential issues with the cultivation water possibly originating from exposure to heavy metal pollutants. Therefore, this study aimed to remove heavy metal pollutants by using sponge symbiont bacteria bioremediators to increase the survival rate and quality of tiger prawn production. The achievements of this research are expected to contribute to the scientific development of environmental microbiology, bioremediation, and aquaculture pollution control.METHODS: The study utilized Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria. The water used for tiger prawn post-larvae cultivation was treated with these bioremediator bacteria. The water had copper and lead ion concentrations that were 20 times greater than the maximum threshold value. The physical and chemical characteristics and parameters, such as dissolved organic matter, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia contents, of the cultivation water were monitored over a 30-day period. The specific growth rate in terms of weight and body length and the survival rate of the tiger shrimps were measured to evaluate the effect of the bioremediation process on the prawns. The concentrations of copper and lead ions in the cultivation water and within the body of the tiger shrimps were analyzed. The health of the tiger prawns was evaluated by observing signs of tissue damage.FINDINGS: Among all the treatments, Treatment I with copper ion exposure had the highest average specific growth rate of the tiger prawns in terms of weight and body length, followed by Treatment II with lead ion exposure and Treatment III with a combination of both pollutants (the lowest). The intersection of copper and lead ion concentrations in the tiger prawns and cultivation media occurred in the cultivation period of 15–20 days. The use of Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria as bioremediators effectively remediated the copper and lead pollutants at an average of 99.34 percent and 97.18 percent of the initial concentration, respectively. Despite the bioremediation efforts, the tiger shrimps exhibited symptoms of tissue damage in the head, tail, and shell. These symptoms included necrosis, myopathy, and infiltration, which are indicative of decreased cell function due to the presence of toxic agents.CONCLUSION: Bioremediation with Bacillus pumilus and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria helped reduce the accumulation of heavy metal pollutants. However, negative effects on the health and growth of tiger prawns were still observed when the prawns were exposed to copper and lead ion concentrations below the allowed threshold value.
Environmental Science
R. Mitaphonna; N. Idris; M. Ramli; N. Ismail; K. Kurihara; K. Lahna
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami left a profound mark, triggering significant contamination of organic and inorganic chemical components in the water and soil of affected regions. The effects of the tragedy, which occurred almost twenty years ago, are still evident ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami left a profound mark, triggering significant contamination of organic and inorganic chemical components in the water and soil of affected regions. The effects of the tragedy, which occurred almost twenty years ago, are still evident in the soil as salt and metal pollutants continue to linger. It is crucial to conduct a chemical analysis of the soil samples obtained from the regions affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. This not only aids in identifying areas hit by the catastrophe but also facilitates periodic monitoring of chemical contamination levels. This study aims to promptly detect and measure chemical indicators in soil samples collected from areas in Aceh Province that were impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.METHODS: Three regions in Aceh Province, specifically Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, and Aceh Barat, were selected for the collection of soil samples following severe impact from a tsunami. Soil samples were obtained from regions unaffected by the tsunami, including Tungkob, Blang Bintang, and Pango Deah. Plasma was produced by concentrating a pulsed carbon dioxide laser beam on the surface samples. An optical multichannel analyzer captures plasma emissions with a spectrograph and photodiode array. Data is stored for processing with SpectraView software and compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology database for identification.FINDINGS: The utilization of a pulsed carbon dioxide laser for analysis revealed its superior ability to identify a wider array of elements with high intensity-to-background ratios, particularly excelling in the detection of zinc, chromium, copper, cobalt, and nickel compared to the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Chemical quantification through calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy closely correlated with x-ray fluorescence but surpassed x-ray fluorescence in rapid detection and identification of lighter elements. The concentrations of salt components and particular heavy metals in soil that was impacted by a tsunami exhibited a more than tenfold increase in comparison to soil that was not affected and was collected in 2006. Sodium surged from 0.02 percent to 4.18 - 4.95 percent, while calcium increased from 0.46 percent to 11.26 - 13.53 percent. Potassium concentration rose from 0.11 percent to 5.50 - 6.96 percent, alongside magnesium, which increased from 0.36 percent to 7.62 - 8.67 percent.CONCLUSION: The utilization of a pulsed carbon dioxide laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has demonstrated remarkable proficiency in the identification of a diverse range of elements. This technique has surpassed conventional methods like neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray fluorescence in terms of its detection capabilities. This study underscores the potential of a pulsed carbon dioxide laser as a versatile and reliable method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of soils from 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami-affected regions in Aceh Province, emphasizing its significance for environmental monitoring in disaster-affected areas.
Environmental Science
P. Kumar; D. Deka; A. Yadav; Ashwani .; M. Kumar; J.P. Das; A. Singh; A. Gurjar
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evapotranspiration is an important component of water balance associated with the hydrological cycle and biological processes. Accurately estimating the rate of evapotranspiration is crucial for understanding fluctuations in water availability and effectively managing water ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evapotranspiration is an important component of water balance associated with the hydrological cycle and biological processes. Accurately estimating the rate of evapotranspiration is crucial for understanding fluctuations in water availability and effectively managing water resources in a sustainable manner. The study aims to examine the correlation between actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration by assessing the linkages with vegetation and snow cover in an ecologically fragile located in the northwestern Himalaya.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study uses remote sensing Landsat satellite data series to map vegetation cover and snow cover in the area. Remote sensing data accessed from Moderate Resolution Imaging Radiometer evapotranspiration project data was used for calculating evapotranspiration and potential evaporation. The data from the Climatic Research Unit (2000–2022) was additionally utilized for the computation of potential evapotranspiration. The study investigates variances in evapotranspiration and explores correlations between normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference snow index. It further examines the correlation between potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration.FINDINGS: The study conducted from 1991 to 2021 demonstrates a notable rise in vegetation cover by 20.18 percent, showcasing spatial variations across the region. Conversely, there has been a significant decline in the extent of snow cover throughout this period. A positive correlation was identified between vegetation cover and evapotranspiration, whereas a negative correlation was observed between snow cover and evapotranspiration. Actual evapotranspiration is on the rise while potential evapotranspiration is declining throughout the region.CONCLUSION: Hydrological cycle of a region is governed by many factors such as climate (precipitation, temperature), geohydrology, land use and land cover, socio-economic condition of habitants and institutions. Vegetation cover, snow cover, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship indicates changes in local and regional climate. An incremental rise in plant growth across the study site, coupled with spatial variability and a reduction in snow cover in the elevated mountainous zone, is influencing both actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration. Increase in actual evapotranspiration in the High Himalayan area of Himachal Pradesh attribute to substantial increase in vegetation cover in the dry cold desert region. The findings of the study will contribute to the comprehension of essential elements of water cycles and water budgets, facilitating improved resource allocation for climate-resilient sustainable initiatives.
Environmental Science
E. Sumarga; D. Rosleine; G.B. Hutajulu; R.P. Plaurint; Tsabita .; M. Basyuni; S.H. Larekeng; M.F. Taqiyudin; N.N. Shohihah; H. Ali
Abstract
BACKROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangrove silvofishery, a unique system that combine aquaculture with mangrove forests, presents a promising sustainable solution for Indonesia's coastal communities. However, in order to achieve broad implementation, it is essential to bridge the existing knowledge gap concerning ...
Read More
BACKROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangrove silvofishery, a unique system that combine aquaculture with mangrove forests, presents a promising sustainable solution for Indonesia's coastal communities. However, in order to achieve broad implementation, it is essential to bridge the existing knowledge gap concerning the economic and environmental benefits associated with it. The aim of this study was to assess the four primary services rendered by the Blanakan mangrove silvofishery area in Subang District, West Java: carbon sequestration, fisheries productivity, nature-based tourism, and bird sanctuary.METHODS: Carbon storage was calculated by conducting vegetation surveys and utilizing allometric equations, which took into account both aboveground and belowground biomass. During the vegetation survey, data regarding the types of mangrove plants and the diameter of each tree at breast height was gathered. To quantify fisheries production, interviews were conducted with area managers and pond farmers who are engaged in silvofishery practices within the region. The point-count method was used to inventory the diversity of bird species. The analysis of natural tourism services encompassed an examination of visitor statistics, the state of the mangroves as a popular tourist destination, and the range of tourist activities available.FINDINGS: The study revealed the high capacity of the mangrove stands at the study location for carbon storage, with an estimated 137.9 tonnes carbon per hectare aboveground and 79 tonnes carbon per hectare belowground. Local communities actively engage in silvofishery practices within the Blanakan mangroves, cultivating fish and shrimp, with an average annual income of around 1,513 United States dollar per hectare. 2. The natural beauty of the Blanakan mangrove area attracts tourists with its diverse ecosystem and opportunities to see crocodile breeding facilities. Visitor numbers vary, averaging around 128 people per month until mid-2023. The Blanakan mangroves are home to a total of 23 bird species, contributing to a species diversity index of 2.1. Two species with significant conservation value were found: the critically endangered Javan Blue-banded Kingfisher (Alcedo euryzona) and the vulnerable Black-capped Kingfisher (Halcyon pileata).CONCLUSION: The results emphasize the importance of advancing and advocating for silvofishery as a primary alternative in Indonesia's mangrove conservation and rehabilitation initiatives, enhancing coastal environmental management. Community engagement is of utmost importance in the successful development of mangrove silvofishery, as it aims to tackle the issue of limited awareness and participation among the local community.
Environmental Science
R.A. Nugroho; R. Aryani; E.H. Hardi; H. Manurung; R. Rudianto; W.N. Jati
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The palm industry generates several waste products. Some of this waste, such as palm kernel meal, has not been fully optimized for processing. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether fermented palm kernel meal with various types of sugar (fructose, glucose, maltose, ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The palm industry generates several waste products. Some of this waste, such as palm kernel meal, has not been fully optimized for processing. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether fermented palm kernel meal with various types of sugar (fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose) added could be utilized as a substrate for black soldier fly larvae.METHODS: This study investigated the use of fermented palm kernel meal with various types of sugar added at a proportion of five per cent as a substrate for black soldier fly larvae. Fermented palm kernel meal without added sugar was used as a control substrate. Seven-day-old larvae were fed fermented palm kernel meal as an experimental substrate for 22 days and harvested on the final day, when their weight and length were measured and they were processed into meal and oil to evaluate their nutritional composition. FINDINGS: The addition of sugars to fermented palm kernel meal made no significant difference to the final weight or crude fat value of the larvae, but improved crude protein. The addition of glucose significantly increased the length of the larvae and increased their lauric acid value. However, glucose-added fermented palm kernel meal significantly reduced the relative percentage of total unsaturated fatty acids and the quantities of linolelaidic, a-linolenic, and nervonic acid compared to the larvae fed on substrates with other added sugars. Meanwhile, fructose-added substrate resulted in significantly higher crude protein and moisture values, but significantly lower ash and carbohydrate values than those of other groups. Sucrose-added substrate resulted in a considerable improvement in ash content; magnesium; the relative percentage of total unsaturated fatty acids; arachidic, erucic, and docosadienoic acid; phosphorus; sodium; and iron values in the larvae. The larvae grown in the substrate with added maltose had a significantly higher accumulation of phosphorus, sodium, and iron, but showed significantly lower palmitoleic acid than other larvae groups. Calcium and potassium were accumulated better in the larvae grown on fermented palm kernel meal with added either glucose, maltose, or sucrose than other substrates.CONCLUSION: of the various waste products generated by the palm industry, some, including palm kernel meal, have not yet been entirely processed. This study’s findings offer insights into managing the fermented palm kernel meal, which can be converted into valuable biomass with black soldier fly larvae, making the waste more sustainable and rich in nutrients. The addition of various sugars to fermented palm kernel meal improved the growth and nutritional value of the black soldier fly larvae. These results may help in building a process for the effective treatment of palm kernel meal for black soldier fly larvae production, which could further develop the feed industry and manage palm industry waste effectively by generating high protein meal as a step in creating a circular bioeconomy.
Environmental Science
D. Syukri; H. Suryanto; F. Kurniawan; P.D. Hari; R.M. Fiana; . Rini
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Constructing a nanocellulose membrane from biomass waste can lessen harmful environmental effects owing to its ability to absorb chemical and microbiological impurities. Therefore, nanocellulose membranes with magnetic properties were developed as a powerful apparatus for reducing ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Constructing a nanocellulose membrane from biomass waste can lessen harmful environmental effects owing to its ability to absorb chemical and microbiological impurities. Therefore, nanocellulose membranes with magnetic properties were developed as a powerful apparatus for reducing microbials and dyes in water.METHODS: In this study, bacterial cellulose acetate-based nanocomposite membrane with ferrous-ferric oxide nanoparticle reinforcement was produced from pineapple peel biowaste extract through fermentation and esterification. High-pressure homogenization was used to produce nano properties of cellulose from pineapple. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic homogenizer was used to mix the produced nanocellulose with the ferrous-ferric oxide with various treatment (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 weight percent of cellulose acetate) to produce nanocomposite membrane. The membrane was then applied for the removal of bacteria and dyes. The samples were water from local rivers located near industries such as rubber, cement, and tofu industries. The effectiveness of the nanocomposite membrane at bacteria and dyes reduction was assessed.FINDINGS: Nano cellulose membrane effectively reduced gram-negative bacteria and anionic dyes in the water samples. The ferrous-ferric oxide reinforcement enhanced the effectiveness of the membrane on bacteria and dye reduction. The addition of ferrous-ferric oxide resulted in a greater amount of dye degradation, and the presence of ≥0.75 percent ferrous-ferric oxide indicated an optimum ability to kill bacteria.CONCLUSION: Ferrous-ferric oxide yielded good results in reducing the number of microbes and anionic dyes in the water samples tested. The results of this research can be used as basic data to advance the use of nanocellulose membranes as a biomaterial for controlling environmental impacts.
Environmental Science
F. Shevlyakov; A.B. Laptev; O.R. Latypov; D.R. Latypova
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming. Under the Paris Agreement, all countries have developed programs to reduce anthropogenic impact on the environment. In the petrochemical industry, for example, isoprene, is a major contributor to the production ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming. Under the Paris Agreement, all countries have developed programs to reduce anthropogenic impact on the environment. In the petrochemical industry, for example, isoprene, is a major contributor to the production of carbon dioxide, generating large amounts of acidic and hydrocarbon gases that are burned and released into the atmosphere. This study aimed to investigate the absorption of greenhouse gases from isoprene production by the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica, as well as the freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.METHODS: Microalgae cells were cultured in a bioreactor. The grown microalgae strains and mineralized water were fed to the bioreactor. Gases discharged from isoprene production were passed through the bioreactor. Inlet and outlet gas compositions were monitored by chromatography.FINDINGS: Absorption of gases discharged from isoprene production by microalgae was studied for the first time. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae reduced methane and carbon dioxide contents by an average of 20 times. A mixture of microalgae Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana reduced methane and carbon dioxide contents by a factor of 10 but completely absorbed hydrocarbon gases from methane to pentane.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that microalgae cultivation can be used as a reliable and stable technology for the biofixation of the gases discharged in isoprene production. This technology can eliminate the combustion stage of hydrocarbon gases in isoprene production and significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.
Environmental Science
F.M. Sahami; S.N. Hamzah; A.H. Tome; S.A. Habibie; M.R.U. Puluhulawa
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nike fish are a postlarvae group of gobies found in the Gobiidae and Eleotridae families. These fish are a seasonal delicacy in Gorontalo, with significant economic value and popularity among the community. Data from 2020 to 2021 showed a downward trend in Nike fish production ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nike fish are a postlarvae group of gobies found in the Gobiidae and Eleotridae families. These fish are a seasonal delicacy in Gorontalo, with significant economic value and popularity among the community. Data from 2020 to 2021 showed a downward trend in Nike fish production in Gorontalo City despite ongoing efforts to promote it as a consumable fish. Therefore, this study assessed the sustainability status of Nike fish in the waters of Tomini Bay Gorontalo.METHODS: This study was conducted across five Nike fishing locations in Tomini Bay, Gorontalo Province, namely the Bone-Bolango, Bilungala, Tombulilato, Taludaa, and Bilato estuaries, from April to September 2023. Data were collected through interviews with 109 Nike fishers and four experts from government agencies in Gorontalo Province. Meanwhile, other supporting data were obtained from various references that support the study objectives. The sustainability status analysis was conducted using rapid appraisal for fisheries, a software with an assessment method comprising five dimensions, ecological, economic, social, ethical, and technological, which are analyzed multi-dimensionally.FINDINGS: The results showed that of the five dimensions analyzed, only one, the technological dimension, exhibited sustainability. Meanwhile, the other four dimensions, including ecology, economic, social, and ethical, showed a less sustainable status. Some attributes that significantly affected the sustainability of Nike fish resource use in the waters of Tomini Bay, Gorontalo, include fishing location, Nike diversity, by-products, profit distribution, contribution to regional revenue, dependence on subsidies, level of conflict, the role of fishermen in terms of sustainability, fish landing sites, handling on board, externalities (waste disposal), and the level of violations. The results of the multi-dimensional scaling analysis showed that the average index values of the ecological, economic, social, and ethical dimensions are 33.53, 40.33, 30.86, and 25.19, respectively, demonstrating a less sustainable status. Meanwhile, only one of the five dimensions studied has an index value of more than 50—the technological dimension. The multi-dimensional scaling index value of the technology dimension is 84.09, demonstrating its sustainable status. The stress value (0.14 to 0.15) and the coefficient of determination (0.91 to 0.94) in the multi-dimensional scaling calculation showed that the analysis carried out was appropriate.CONCLUSION: The sustainability status of Nike fish in the waters of Tomini Bay, Gorontalo, is less sustainable and highly dependent on the environmental factors that support their life as amphidromous fish. The involvement of all stakeholder elements in implementing sustainable practices is also essential in terms of supporting sustainability. Therefore, this study provided important contributions that can be used by local governments and stakeholders to form appropriate management policies to ensure sustainability in the future. This study can provide information or insights for countries that have fishery potential similar to the waters of Tomini Bay, Gorontalo, to carry out better fisheries management.
Environmental Science
I. Listiana; D. Ariyanto
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves are unique plants distributed in tropical regions, such as Indonesia. Mangrove areas and various mangrove ecosystems have been lost in the past decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate community participation using structural equations modeling to enhance ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves are unique plants distributed in tropical regions, such as Indonesia. Mangrove areas and various mangrove ecosystems have been lost in the past decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate community participation using structural equations modeling to enhance involvement in mangrove forest rehabilitation. The study was conducted in two sub-districts in East Lampung Regency, Lampung Province.METHODS: The study employed a survey method with quantitative descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Models analysis. The sampling method used was simple random sampling. The community under investigation is a part of the mangrove forest management group in Labuhan Maringgai and Pasir districts, Lampung, Indonesia. The total number of individuals who are members of the mangrove forest management group is 292, distributed with 140 in Margasari and 152 in Pasir Sakti District. The sample size in Margasari District was 81 respondents, and in Pasir Sakti, it was 87 respondents, totaling 168 respondents. The sample size determination was based on the Slovin formula, considering a precision of 5 percent when estimating the proportion of the population.FINDINGS: This study’s results show that the level of community participation in mangrove forest rehabilitation still falls within the low category, particularly in planning and evaluation, while implementation is categorized as medium. Community leaders often possess influence and authority that is recognized by community members. When these leaders actively support mangrove conservation, they can influence the opinions and actions of the entire community. In this capacity, they serve as role models, inspiring others to participate in mangrove conservation activities. Community participation includes planning, implementation, evaluation, and utilization of results. Participation influences welfare: the more active the community, the more space there will be to utilize mangrove products and interact with other community members, so that income, needs for food, and adequate housing can be met. Local working groups or initiatives that focus on mangrove conservation coordinate field activities and organize necessary resources and manpower.CONCLUSION: The role of community leaders, farmer groups, government support, and non-government organizations plays a key role in increasing community participation in mangrove forest rehabilitation. Additionally, the increase in non-formal education (training and mentoring), type of work, number of family dependents, length of residence, and distance to the mangrove location are crucial factors in enhancing community involvement.
Environmental Science
D. Hermanto; N. Ismillayli; H. Muliasari; R. Wirawan; S.R. Kamali
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To address the potential harm caused by the intensive use of pesticides in pest control in agriculture, there is a need for accurate and efficient methods to detect and monitor pesticide residues. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a biosensor that can detect organophosphate ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To address the potential harm caused by the intensive use of pesticides in pest control in agriculture, there is a need for accurate and efficient methods to detect and monitor pesticide residues. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a biosensor that can detect organophosphate pesticides highly toxic to humans and the environment. METHODS: Biosensor organophosphate pesticides using a single film containing acetylcholinesterase/choline oxidase have been designed using silver-based plasmonic nanoparticles as a colorimetric indicator. In the presence of acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine is hydrolyzed to choline and acetic acid, then choline oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of choline to hydrogen peroxide and betaine. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with the silver nanoparticles, and the discoloration of the brown solution occurs due to the oxidation of silver+.FINDINGS: As a biosensor indicator, silver nanoparticles were extremely accurate, sensitive, and stable over a long period of storage. Transmission Electron Microscope images confirmed the reduction in size of nanoparticles from 16.82 ± 4.36 to 9.63 ± 2.29 nanometers. The analyte profenofos, one of the organophosphate pesticides, inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase, thereby reducing the concentration decrease of silver nanoparticles by releasing less hydrogen peroxide. Optimum conditions for biosensors were achieved with a potential of Hydrogen of 7, buffer, and acetylcholinesterase concentrations of 7 and 70 millimolar, respectively, with an incubation time of 5 minutes. Biosensor response showed a linear range at profenofos concentrations of 0.05-2.00 milligrams per liter, with limits of detection and quantization of 0.04 and 0.13 milligrams/liter, respectively. Biosensor also has excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability, with a Relative Standard Deviation of 2.5 percent and a stable response of up to 4 months. Subsequently, using a biosensor in the chilli as a sample resulted in a profonefos level of 0.04 milligrams per liter, making it safe for consumption. CONCLUSION: Biosensor measurement outcome aligned with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry result, which is the accepted standard method for detecting profenofos. Additionally, the proposed biosensor offers several advantages such as ease of use, fast, low-cost, and on-site analysis. Hence, this method is suitable for monitoring and controlling pesticide residues, particularly organophosphate, in agricultural products and the environment.
Environmental Science
I. Dewiyanti; D. Darmawi; Z.A. Muchlisin; T.Z. Helmi
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Soil is an essential abiotic component serving as a habitat for numerous organisms, including cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in mangrove ecosystems. This bacteria could produce active enzymes needed to improve environmental quality by accelerating the organic matter decomposition. ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Soil is an essential abiotic component serving as a habitat for numerous organisms, including cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in mangrove ecosystems. This bacteria could produce active enzymes needed to improve environmental quality by accelerating the organic matter decomposition. The unique mangrove environment may contain new types of cellulolytic bacteria with new characteristics. Despite several mangrove areas being explored as sources of cellulolytic bacteria, there is currently unexplored data on its diversity in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Accordingly, it is necessary to analyze the molecular biological approach, namely the 16 svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene, to identify the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria and analyze the phylogenetic relationships between them.METHODS: Bacteria isolates were collected from mangrove soil at six research locations with three replications. A purposive sampling method was applied to determine the research location. Isolates from soil samples were streaked and purified in carboxymethyl cellulose as selective media for cellulolytic bacteria. Molecular identification adopted 16 svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing, and the sequencing data were matched with GenBank data. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic distance between species were evaluated using molecular evolutionary genetics analysis.FINDINGS: Thirteen isolates were sequenced, and nine species of cellulolytic bacteria dominated by the Bacillus genus were identified. These species exhibited an identity value of 97.77-100 percent when compared to data from GenBank, and B. velezensis was found to have a close relationship with B. amyloliquefaciens at a value of 0.002 percent. Interestingly, the non-rehabilitated mangrove areas had more bacterial species than the rehabilitated ones. Two Bacillus genus had different nucleotide bases, proving they were distinct species.CONCLUSION: Nine cellulolytic bacteria species were identified; the two closely interspecies genetic distance related were B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens, whereas the farthest were Bacillus sp1. and Bacillus sp2. Small genetic distances of interspecies indicate a close relationship between species. In comparing the two sampling sites, the non-rehabilitated mangrove contains higher bacterial cellulolytic species than the rehabilitated and Bacillus-dominated site. The findings provide valuable insights into the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria in mangrove ecosystems. The abundance of bacterial species could serve as sources of cellulase enzymes with different characteristics, essential in an environmental aquatic management.
Environmental Science
D. Jaishree; P.T. Ravichandran
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The innovativeness of this study lies in achieving a comprehensive understanding of the seasonal variations and oceanic characteristics of the Bay of Bengal by addressing the complex interplay of large-scale ocean-atmosphere dynamics. The study aimed to understand the upper ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The innovativeness of this study lies in achieving a comprehensive understanding of the seasonal variations and oceanic characteristics of the Bay of Bengal by addressing the complex interplay of large-scale ocean-atmosphere dynamics. The study aimed to understand the upper ocean characteristics of the Bay of Bengal by analyzing the surface variables such as salinity and temperature using a high-resolution model simulation. To accomplish this, advanced high-resolution numerical simulations were employed, utilizing the coastal and regional ocean community model. This model was crucial for investigating and analyzing the circulation features throughout the entire Bay of Bengal, contributing knowledge and insights about the coastal and regional oceanographic community.METHODS: To investigate the temporal variability of the upper ocean in the Bay of Bengal, climatological simulations were performed over eight years using the coastal and regional ocean community model. Including a three-year spin-up phase facilitated the adjustment of the model to initial conditions and the attainment of equilibrium, ensuring its fidelity to real-world conditions. The follow-up analyses and comparisons were performed five years after the spin-up phase. The primary objective of this study was to examine the temporal evolution of the kinetic energy throughout the eight-year simulation. The volume-averaged kinetic energy was computed, revealing a gradual increase throughout the simulation, with particularly pronounced enhancements observed during the monsoon period. A Taylor diagram was used for predicting the model with the other data sets.FINDINGS: The analysis is performed above the surface and sub-surface oceanic layers with prominent dynamics. The temperature and salinity for the surface and sub-surface layers were validated and analyzed for their seasonal variations. The simulations were validated against the existing satellite, reanalysis, and in situ data.CONCLUSIONS: The innovativeness of this study lies in its successful demonstration of the seasonal variability of temperature and salinity in the Bay of Bengal. Through extensive validations, it establishes the model to accurately simulate the climatological surface features of the Bay of Bengal. This study highlights the effectiveness of numerical models when combined with observations, and the data were reanalyzed, showcasing their utility as valuable tools for studying oceanic conditions. The utilization of a Taylor diagram further supports the validation and excellent performance of the model compared to other available datasets. During the simulation, there is a high correlation (0.96) between the evolution of the salinity and temperature values obtained from the model and the corresponding data from the World Ocean Atlas. This indicates a strong agreement between the model-based simulations and the assimilated data, as supported by the notable correlation values of 0.96 for salinity and temperature. These findings reinforce the existing knowledge regarding the influential role of monsoon winds in shaping the circulation patterns within the Bay of Bengal. Overall, this study contributes to advancing our understanding of the ocean dynamics of the region and underscores the importance of considering seasonal variations for comprehensive oceanographic research, coastal management, climate modeling, and future studies in the Bay of Bengal.
Environmental Science
E. Imelda; K. Khairan; R.R. Lubis; T. Karma; R. Idroes
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Isotoma longiflora L is commonly used as a medicinal plant by the local community in Indonesia, and its geographical position determines its bioactive compounds and hence its efficacy. Ethanol extracts of Isotoma longiflora leaves from various locations in Aceh Province were ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Isotoma longiflora L is commonly used as a medicinal plant by the local community in Indonesia, and its geographical position determines its bioactive compounds and hence its efficacy. Ethanol extracts of Isotoma longiflora leaves from various locations in Aceh Province were analyzed using a simple infrared spectroscopy technique combined with chemometrics to determine the effect of geographical location and conditions by classification and authentication.METHODS: Isotoma longiflora leaf samples were collected from Aceh Besar (a geothermal manifestation of Ie Suum), Banda Aceh, Aceh Jaya, Bireun, and Central Aceh. Principal component analysis was used to categorize the ethanol extract of Isotoma longiflora leaves, and a linear discriminant analysis was used for authentication.FINDINGS: The principal component analysis score plot indicated 89 percent of total data variance and that the samples formed three distinct groups: group I consisting of Aceh Tengah and Bener Meriah samples; group II of Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh samples; and group III of Aceh Selatan, Aceh Barat Daya, Aceh Jaya, and Bireun. A linear discriminant analysis was then used to validate these results, and the linear discriminant analysis model derived from the cross-validation predicted the origin of Isotoma longiflora samples with 100 percent accuracy rate.CONCLUSION: The Isotoma longiflora leaf extracts were successfully classified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data processed through chemometric calculations (namely, principal component analysis). Based on the cross-validation using linear discriminant analysis showed that the prediction model had a 100 percent accuracy. The present study thus revealed the effect of geographical location on the composition of bioactive compounds in Isotoma longiflora, suggesting the potential of chemometric techniques for quality control and assurance in traditional medicine.
Environmental Science
H.A. Pardhe; N. Krishnaveni; B.K. Chekraverthy; S. Patel; S. Naveen; V. Rashmi; P.C. Govinden
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Iron, an essential micronutrient, significantly contributes to growth, immune health, and cognitive development in human health. Inadequate dietary iron intake leads to iron deficiency anemia, affecting nearly 1.6 billion people, especially pregnant women and preschool children. ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Iron, an essential micronutrient, significantly contributes to growth, immune health, and cognitive development in human health. Inadequate dietary iron intake leads to iron deficiency anemia, affecting nearly 1.6 billion people, especially pregnant women and preschool children. Biofortification and fortification of iron in wheat is an acceptable and cost-effective strategy to alleviate iron deficiencies. This study aims to address iron deficiencies through the strategy of fortification and biofortification of wheat varieties. The study places specific emphasis on the proximate composition and iron/mineral content of different wheat varieties. To achieve these objectives, different spectrometric methods were employed to analyze the wheat samples.METHODS: Proximate and mineral quantification were carried out following standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, inductive coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, and prediction was carried out using near-infrared spectra combined with chemometrics.FINDINGS: The samples had moisture content (1.1 - 4.5 percent), protein (18.0 - 22.6 percent), fat (0.3 - 0.6 percent), gluten (6.3 - 10.3 percent), fiber (0.3 - 1.4 percent), alcoholic acidity (0.04 - 0.08 percent), ash (0.9 - 1.7 percent), and carbohydrate (71.1 - 75.2 percent). Iron was determined and compared by spectrophotometric methods. Iron concentration ranged from (0.7 to 6.3 milligrams/100 grams) in ultraviolet-visible analysis, (0.7 to 6.74 milligrams/100 grams) in atomic absorption spectrometry, and (0.81 to 6.8 milligrams/100 grams) in inductive coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The obtained results were compared with the standard "Food Composition and Food Safety Standard Authority of India" and predicted using near-infrared spectra combined with chemometrics.CONCLUSION: The work aims to investigate the nutritional content of various wheat varieties, particularly focusing on iron content, which could potentially have implications for improving dietary strategies and addressing nutritional deficiencies. The biofortified varieties (HI-8663 and HI-1605) were found to have high iron content when compared to normal wheat. The acquired results bridge the intricate relationship between plant-based diets, micronutrient deficiencies, providing valuable insights into combating iron deficiencies in public health with the potential achievement of improved nutritional understanding, optimized wheat selection, advanced analytical techniques, education, awareness, and iron deficiency mitigation.
Environmental Science
A.D. Malik; M.C.W. Arief; S. Withaningsih; P. Parikesit
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Land use and land cover changes are affected by massive construction, urban expansion, and exploitative agricultural management. These pressures threaten the potential of aboveground carbon storage in Rancakalong District, West Java, Indonesia. In that massive construction ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Land use and land cover changes are affected by massive construction, urban expansion, and exploitative agricultural management. These pressures threaten the potential of aboveground carbon storage in Rancakalong District, West Java, Indonesia. In that massive construction and agricultural expansion are ongoing, it is critical to detect the potential changes in carbon stocks in the region. This study evaluated the impact of land use and land cover changes on aboveground carbon stock potential in Rancakalong District, West Java, Indonesia, by incorporating several ground-based carbon inventories into geographic information systems and remote sensing approaches. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the aboveground carbon stocks were assessed using Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs models.METHODS: Aboveground carbon stocks were estimated using the integrated approach of field inventory and geographic information systems. Land use and land cover changes were assessed from remotely sensed imagery data recorded in 2009 and 2021 using the maximum likelihood classification method in the geographic information as a collection of layers and other elements in a map 10.6 package. Tree height and diameter were collected within the purposively distributed plots with a size of 30 × 30 square meters. Vegetation biomass was assessed using an allometric equation, and aboveground carbon stock data were extrapolated to the landscape scale using a linear regression model of measured carbon stocks and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index derived from recent satellite imagery.FINDINGS: Vegetated areas were predominant in 2009 and 2021. Vegetation covered 51 percent of the total area in 2009, increasing to 57 percent in 2021. Regarding agricultural area, mixed gardens and drylands decreased between 2009 and 2021. Meanwhile, paddy fields were the only agricultural land use to increase between 2009 and 2021. The bare land and built-up expansion related to the observed land clearing for the Cisumdawu Highway mainly came from the conversion of mixed gardens, paddy fields, and drylands. The results show that the land use and land cover changes in Rancakalong District have caused a reduction in aboveground carbon stocks by 11,096 tons between 2009 and 2021. The highest reduction in aboveground carbon stocks occurred in mixed gardens, while a slight increase in aboveground carbon stocks occurred in forests, shrubs, and paddy fields. The results highlight the contribution of mixed gardens to carbon storage as they are visually similar to forests in the structure and composition of vegetation.CONCLUSION: Land use and land cover changes directly affected the aboveground carbon stock potential in Rancakalong District, indicated by an 11,096-ton reduction in the stocks. This shortage of carbon stock potential was mainly attributed to the massive reduction in mixed garden areas between 2009 and 2021 by 12 percent, which caused a significant decrease in aboveground carbon stocks. The application of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs model is efficient in analyzing the effect of land use and land cover change on aboveground carbon stock dynamics and can be widely used in environmental engineering studies involving remote sensing approaches.
Environmental Science
I.G. Tejakusuma; E.H. Sittadewi; T. Handayani; T. Hernaningsih; W. Wisyanto; A. Rifai
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Plant growth is improved by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, although they have not been researched for slope stability. These fungal inoculations and bamboo interventions may promote root development toward the slip plane. Thstudy looks at how tree roots react to planting ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Plant growth is improved by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, although they have not been researched for slope stability. These fungal inoculations and bamboo interventions may promote root development toward the slip plane. Thstudy looks at how tree roots react to planting in bamboo tubes and the fungal consortium.METHODS: In a screen house, the development of three fast-growing native Indonesian woody plants, Paraserianthes falcataria, Acacia mangium, and Gmelina arborea, was observed. These plants were planted in bamboo tubes filled with soil donated by Jati Radio and Citatah. The tubes were arranged on an inclined plane with a 20° slope. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were introduced in three dosages, with control plots without mycorrhiza and bamboo.FINDINGS: The findings demonstrated that bamboo may drive root development toward the slip plane. On Jati Radio and Citatah soils, the best arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculation results were observed in G. arborea with a treatment dosage of M3 or 30 g. In both sites, neither therapy showed a meaningful change.CONCLUSION: G. arborea has the maximum phosphorus absorption (80%) and biomass weight (660 grams) with M3 dosage in Citatah and 71 percent with 330 g at the same dose in Jati Radio, which is associated with the ideal amount of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculation. As a result, this species is the best choice for using biotechnological solutions to stabilize slopes in landslide-prone locations. When bamboo is combined with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, root development may be directed and accelerated for the purpose of bridging landslide slip planes.
Environmental Science
M. Srichomphu; O. Phewnil; T. Pattamapitoon; Ratcha Chaichana; K. Chunkao; W. Wararam; N. Dampin; P. Maskulrath
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As a producer within the ecological food chain, phytoplankton provides the base energy and oxygen to the environment through photosynthesis and higher tropic levels. These benefits can be applied in five consecutive nature-by-nature oxidation ponds for the treatment of community ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As a producer within the ecological food chain, phytoplankton provides the base energy and oxygen to the environment through photosynthesis and higher tropic levels. These benefits can be applied in five consecutive nature-by-nature oxidation ponds for the treatment of community wastewater coming through a high density polyethylene pipeline from the Phetchaburi Municipality located at the King’s Royally Initiated Laem Phak Bia Environmental Research and Development Project, Ban Laem District, Phetchaburi Province (Universal Transverse Mercator 47P 1442725 North 617774 East). This study focuses on the vertical distribution of the phytoplankton Cylindrospermopsis sp. and its relationship with nitrogen compounds in oxidation ponds.METHODS: Samples were collected from a community wastewater treatment system at various depths (30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 centimeters) below the water surface in April 2019 between 11:00 and 13:00 hours and analyzed for their chemical and physical properties. The analysis revealed a vertical relationship between Cylindrospermopsis sp. and wastewater. In the density of phytoplankton which were collected by measuring 20 liters of water and filtered using a 36-micron plankton net, calculated and counted under a high magnification microscope, as the species are classified according the taxonomy.FINDINGS: The results of the wastewater quality were as follows: the content of suspended solids was 65–81 milligram per liter, water temperature was 31.8–33.2°C, potential of hydrogen was 8.7–9.2, total nitrogen content was 4.0–5.3 milligram per liter, ammonium content was 0.03–0.06 milligram per liter, nitrate content was 0.09–0.12 milligram per liter, total phosphorus content was 0.9–1.3 milligram per liter, and phosphate content was 0.4–0.5 milligram per liter. In the density of phytoplankton, a significant correlation was observed between the population of Cylindrospermopsis sp. and water depth (R2 = 0.9324). The number of populations at the depths of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 centimeters were 3.2 × 107, 1.6 × 107, 1.1 × 107, 5.5 × 107, and 1.1 × 108 cells per cubic meter, respectively.CONCLUSION: The different densities of Cylindrospermopsis sp. found at different depths throughout the treatment pond are related to the nitrogen dynamics of the water body. The results of this study revealed that organic nitrogen, including ammonium, was assimilated and converted to inorganic nutrients, which promoted the growth of other phytoplankton species. The correlation between Cylindrospermopsis sp. and total nitrogen and ammonium showed significance at R2 = 0.7268 and 0.797, respectively, with a confidence level of 0.05. Therefore, to ensure treatment effectiveness, the depth of wastewater treatment ponds should be considered during their construction because phytoplankton regulation plays an important role to maintain the overall treatment efficiency.
Environmental Science
I. Idawati; N.A. Sasongko; A.D. Santoso; M. Septiani; T. Handayani; A.Y.N. Sakti; B.D. Purnamasari
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Climate change has a greater influence on agriculture through local climate variability than global climate patterns. The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity and shifts in crop patterns varies significantly across regions. Its impact is closely tied to the ...
Read More
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Climate change has a greater influence on agriculture through local climate variability than global climate patterns. The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity and shifts in crop patterns varies significantly across regions. Its impact is closely tied to the technical abilities of farmers in managing their cocoa farming businesses. Technical skills encompass the proficiency of farmers in adopting adaptive cocoa cultivation techniques for planting, maintaining cocoa plants, as well as handling harvest and postharvest processes. The technical capability is interconnected with factors such as crop dependency on rainfall patterns, availability of infrastructure for quality inputs, soil degradation and fertility, nutrient levels, limited farmers’ resources, and technology penetration. Given the significant impact of climate change on cocoa farmers, it becomes crucial to enhance their adaptive capacity to address these challenges. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of farmers and their adaptive capacity in responding to the impact of climate change.METHODS: Data were collected from 960 populations from two regencies, 4 districts, and 8 villages using the stratified sampling technique through interviews with 282 respondents. The sample size was determined using the Slovin formula through in-depth interviews with five key informants. The data collected were descriptively and statistically analyzed using the Excel program, which involved generating frequency distribution tables. Furthermore, the Mann-Whitney test, utilizing Statistical Product and Service Solution version 24, was employed to conduct a comparative analysis.FINDINGS: This result showed that the characteristics of farmers in the two areas were relatively the same in terms of age, non-formal education, number of family dependents, and perceptions of the climate. In terms of age, most farmers fell within the mature group of 36-48 years, with an average age of 44.63, considering in low category. The low productive age of farmers (44.63), along with their non-formal education, including training in climate field schools and integrated pest management field schools, as well as the number of dependents and their perceptions of climate change, emerged as significant parameters impacting farmers'''' decision-making processes. These factors also influenced their ability to cope, adapt, and seek new approaches to manage and mitigate the effects of climate change on their farming operations.CONCLUSION: The relationship between farmers’ characteristics and adaptive capacity showed that the larger the land owned by farmers, the higher the managerial adaptability of farmers with lower technical ability.
Environmental Science
P. Srikanth; D. Sivakumar; J. Nouri
Abstract
Microorganisms are present in nature and shape an enormous a half of our micro- and macro-environment. Quorum sensing is the process of intercellular conversation that enables microbes to perceive their surroundings and change their behaviour, allowing them to remain like cellular organisms. Both Gram-positive ...
Read More
Microorganisms are present in nature and shape an enormous a half of our micro- and macro-environment. Quorum sensing is the process of intercellular conversation that enables microbes to perceive their surroundings and change their behaviour, allowing them to remain like cellular organisms. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms use quorum sensing frame work for communicating with every other, though there may be distinct quorum sensing pathways available in Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The scope of quorum sensing extends to inter-nation communication, mediate through numerous newly diagnosed extra-cell signal molecules known as autoinducers. The concentration of these signalling substances rises above a critical level when the population density does, causing particular gene expression patterns in the microorganisms. This may result in coordinated behaviours, including the development of biofilms, the generation of virulence factors, or other group activities. Without the ability to detect and react to the presence of their neighbours, microbial communities would not be able to adjust to changing environmental conditions or carry out collective actions that are essential for survival. Among those autoinducers, five major principal signal molecules are perturbed about side the classical quorum sensing system. The larger part of quorum sensing recognizing inhibitor takes bacterial quorum sensing share identifying as the even-handed and simply blocks the larger part recognizing plan of pathogenic organisms, which can demolish the pathogenicity of microorganisms without applying explicit squeezing factor, and doesn't execute the regular organisms or then again intrude with their standard physiological activities. To talk with each other, bacteria mix, release, and total minimal diffusible signal molecules, known as pheromones or autoinducers a pheromone (recognizing) depends upon its edge centre. Specific receptors found on the surface of the bacterial cell are required for the identification of pheromones or autoinducers. The proteins that can bind to diffusible signalling molecules often make up these receptors. These receptors bind to signalling molecules when their concentration rises over a predetermined threshold, setting off a signalling cascade that causes the bacteria to respond in concert. The prevailing article will speak about checking out basic variations between numerous quorum sensing systems in gram passitive and gram negative bacteria, and it is important to understand the communications of microorganisms in nature better. QS sensing will help as a regular language for signal communication of various microorganisms, yet the path where all proteins get the signals and turn on downstream sign transduction has changed phenomenally.
