Environmental Management
D. Rinchumphu; N. Suriyanon; N. Phichetkunbodee; S. Munlikawong; C. Wanitchayapaisit; S. Sitthikankun
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Rapid urbanization negatively affects the hydrologic cycle and makes cities vulnerable to disastrous flash floods. It can additionally cause erosion and water pollution in natural ecosystems. Global climate changes have exacerbated such issues, further upsetting hydrologic ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Rapid urbanization negatively affects the hydrologic cycle and makes cities vulnerable to disastrous flash floods. It can additionally cause erosion and water pollution in natural ecosystems. Global climate changes have exacerbated such issues, further upsetting hydrologic patterns. Therefore, many regions have considered the rain garden as green infrastructure, which can help mitigate urban runoff. However, design guidelines and the means of assessing rain garden cost effectiveness in the Global South are limited. Furthermore, as many countries in the Global South experience a tropical climate, design guidelines developed in the temperate Global North may not be directly transferable. The need for more information on design and cost effectiveness can make designers and decision makers hesitate to implement such a new strategy. The main objective of the present study is to create a design approach and simultaneously specify the cost of the infiltration rate of the rain garden in urban areas.METHODS: This study focuses on the ability of rain garden design to determine accurately the cost of materials used for construction. Sand and gravel are used in different sand ratios in the filter media layer, namely 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4. The storage layer uses gravel only and has only one design. The aim is to determine the change in infiltration rate with an increase in the amount of sand. Knowing the amount of sand can determine the cost per infiltration rate.FINDINGS: The results showed that the most efficient design was a rain garden with a soil:sand ratio of 1:4, which increased the infiltration rate per cost by 2.00 millimeters per hour per United States Dollar per square meter. The lowest efficiency option was a soil:sand ratio of 1:1, which increased the infiltration rate per cost by 1.33 millimeters per hour per United States Dollar per square meter.CONCLUSION: This study will serve as a guide for designers to design a rain garden area according to the needs of the area, having determined the construction cost per infiltration rate. However, spatial requirements, construction costs, and social factors may influence future decisions on rain garden design and must be studied further.
Environmental Management
E.S. Siregar; S.U. Sentosa; A. Satrianto
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate endogenous variables namely, economic development and deforestation, in North Sumatra, and examine their determinants. Both variables are substantial in a country community welfare with harmonized environmental sustainability as a legacy for ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate endogenous variables namely, economic development and deforestation, in North Sumatra, and examine their determinants. Both variables are substantial in a country community welfare with harmonized environmental sustainability as a legacy for future generations.METHODS: In this quantitative study, secondary data in the form of time series data from 1991 to 2020 with a total of 30 years were analyzed. The novelty of this study is its aim to combine deforestation variables and their determinants in a research model related to economic development. In this study, the determinants of economic development used were education, health, mineral resources and forest resource, whereas those of deforestation, were forest resource, institutional factors, population density, and economic development.FINDINGS: The data analysis revealed that the economic development in North Sumatra was significantly influenced by education, health, and mineral resources, excluding forest resources. Simultaneously, the determinants influenced economic development by 74.15 percent. Education contributed 27 percent, health 71 percent, mineral resources 12 percent and forest resources 29 percent to economic development. Forest resources and institutions had a significant influence on deforestation in North Sumatra, whereas population density and economic development did not have a significant effect. Simultaneously, the determinants influenced deforestation by 77.24 percent. Partial, forest resources and institutions were identified and significant effect but population density does not significantly affect it. Forest resources contributed 14 percent to deforestation, institutional factors 72 persent, population density 3 percent and economic development 57 percent.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study, indicated that education and health have a major effect on economic development whereas forest resources do not however, forest resources significantly affect deforestation. This means that an increasing environmental damage removes forest cover. Thus, it is recommended that the government increase human resource in terms of education and health, which are essential in prioritizing human resource development as a fundamental factor. It is also important to set the limit to long-term natural resource exploitation, consider environmental damages, and improve institutional quality. The government needs to explore alternative sources that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly, such as ecotourism, and renewable energy. Renewable energy can be a reliable source of energy that will help reduce reliance on fossil fuels while also minimizing environmental impacts.
Environmental Management
T. Puspaningrum; N.S. Indrasti; C. Indrawanto; M. Yani
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coconuts and their derivatives, such as copra and charcoal, are leading commodities of Indonesia contributing to local consumption and exports. Life cycle assessment is a tool for evaluating the inputs, outputs, and potential impacts of a product system throughout its life ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coconuts and their derivatives, such as copra and charcoal, are leading commodities of Indonesia contributing to local consumption and exports. Life cycle assessment is a tool for evaluating the inputs, outputs, and potential impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle and is associated with product sustainability. The cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of copra and coconut shell charcoal aims to determine the impacts of coconut, copra, and charcoal production from copra byproducts quantitatively and identify scenario improvements to reduce the impacts and enhance sustainability.METHODS: Field observations were conducted in tall coconuts in Agrabinta, South Cianjur, and in copra and coconut shell charcoal factories in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. The life cycle assessment method comprises the following four stages: goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. The scope of this study was based on land preparation, nurseries, planting, fertilization, harvesting of mature coconuts, transportation of mature coconuts, copra production, transportation of coconut shells, and charcoal production. Ten impacts were calculated using the Center of Environmental Science of Leiden University Impact Assessment baseline method with Simapro software.FINDINGS: This study obtained ten impact categories, not only the global warming potential impact similar to most studies of perennial crop products in Indonesia. Normalization results showed that the category with enormous impacts on humans from coconut cultivation and copra processing activities had terrestrial ecotoxicity potential. The largest impact on charcoal production was on the human toxicity potential. Separated coconut factories from plantations have a high impact because of high fuel transportation. Four recommendation scenarios were formulated: 1) utilization of smoke from pyrolysis into liquid, 2) implementation of organic coconut cultivation practices, 3) integration of coconut plantations with copra and charcoal processing plants and processing smoke into liquid, and 4) combining scenarios 1, 2, and 3. In scenario 3, seven of ten impacts showed the lowest value among other scenarios. This scenario potentially decreases the impact from 68.35 to 99.62 percent. The human toxic potential of coconut shell charcoal decreased from 2.92 × 105 to 109.43 kilogram 1,4-dichlorobenzene equivalent, terrestrial ecotoxicity potential decreased from 59 to 19 kilogram 1,4-dichlorobenzene equivalent, and the global warming potential decreased from 1753.55 to 93.03 kilogram carbon dioxide equivalent.CONCLUSION: Life cycle assessment can evaluate the impacts of copra and coconut shell charcoal from the coconut cultivation to the production stages. Opportunities for improvement can be identified from the interpretation and hotspots. Scenario analysis results showed the potential of developing integrated coconut agroindustry with coconut plantations, copra factories, and charcoal factories to produce liquid smoke in one location. This integration markedly reduces the impact due to the reduction of transportation fuel and emissions and the treatment of air pollution from pyrolysis.
Environmental Management
E. Frimawaty; A. Ilmika; N. A. Sakina; J. Mustabi
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Farmer characteristics are recognized in this study. The characteristics, perceptions, willingness to adopt climate change mitigation, and awareness of livestock farmers toward livestock waste management are the main points for determining appropriate climate mitigation rules.METHODS: ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Farmer characteristics are recognized in this study. The characteristics, perceptions, willingness to adopt climate change mitigation, and awareness of livestock farmers toward livestock waste management are the main points for determining appropriate climate mitigation rules.METHODS: This study was conducted in Enrekang and Barru Regencies of South Sulawesi. International Business Machines - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 27 was used for this study. In descriptive statistics, data were compiled, and the age, long husbandry experiences (year), number of family member, number of farming assistant, gender, education, farmer group participation status, side job, type of business, cattle ownership status, number of cattle (head), and weight total of cattle’s manure (kilogram per day) were examined qualitatively. A chi-square test was used to compare the experimental results (perception and knowledge of livestock manure management) with practical livestock manure management.FINDING: This study found that the average age of farmers in the study area is 45 and 11.2 percent received have high formal education level from a university. Most of the cattle are male at 86.7 percent. Poor manure management system at 76.30 percent manure un-managed and un-appropriate farmer groups with more than 60 percent of the farmers un-joined farmer’s group. Almost 50 percent of the cattle farmers are willing to learn manure management. Nevertheless, this study found that the respondents’ knowledge and practical manure management, as well as the respondents’ knowledge (0.837) and perception (0.343) of practical manure management, do not have any significant connection.CONCLUSION: This study determines the full condition of cattle farmers in Barru and Enrekang Regencies. Barriers include low level of education, age of farmers, lack of manure management, and lack of willingness to join farmers group. Nevertheless, drivers, such as willingness to adopt manure management and high levels of experience in cattle farming, were also found. Enriching the knowledge and perception of farmers is essential in managing livestock wastes to mitigateof climate change.
Environmental Management
A.M. Sabilillah; F.R. Palupi; B.K. Adji; A.P. Nugroho
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The threat posed by microplastics to humans through fish consumption is potentially great due to microplastics’ capacity to adsorb heavy metals. The Code and Gajahwong streams have suffered from plastic and heavy metal pollution as the major rivers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The threat posed by microplastics to humans through fish consumption is potentially great due to microplastics’ capacity to adsorb heavy metals. The Code and Gajahwong streams have suffered from plastic and heavy metal pollution as the major rivers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. However, little is known about the cumulative danger caused by the association of the microplastic and heavy metals. A thorough analysis of the extent of the health risks that people who consume fish from these rivers may experience is urgently needed. Hence, this study aimed to study microplastic pollution accumulated by fish in Code and Gajahwong streams, analyze the interactions with heavy metals, and assess the potential health risks.METHODS: Fish sample collection was conducted in three stations by considering the severity of plastic pollution. Microplastics were extracted from the gills, digestive tract, muscle, and water and then characterized based on the number, size, shape, color, and type of polymer. Potential health risks were evaluated based on the potential ecological risk index, polymer hazard index, pollution load index, estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, total target hazard quotient, and target cancer risk.FINDINGS: Microplastics have contaminated the streams and fish and were dominated by small-sized green fibers and low-density polyethylene polymer. The pollution was related to human activities around the streams. The highest accumulation in fish was found in the digestive organs. Lead and cadmium have been associated with microplastics. The calculation of the potential ecological risk index and polymer hazard index showed that the medium risk of microplastic contamination in both streams. Based on the values of estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, total target hazard quotient, and target cancer risk, short-term consumption of fish from the streams carries a low risk, but it will increase over time and pose a serious harm in the long term.CONCLUSION: Given that most of the microplastics found were associated with lead and cadmium, they can increase the risk to human health due to the transfer of microplastics through food chains. Mitigation efforts involving various stakeholders, community involvement, and continuous education must be continuously pursued. This study significantly contributes to the current problem of environmental pollution by means of microplastic threats associated with heavy metals and provides a thorough health risk assessment applicable to other rivers and mitigation efforts that must be exerted to achieve sustainability.
Environmental Management
N. Fahimah; I.R.S. Salami; K. Oginawati; S.J. Yapfrine; A. Supriatin; Y.N. Thaher
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Excessive presence of heavy metals in water sources can reduce water quality and harm human health. However, research on heavy metals from water sources for sanitation and hygiene purposes and drinking water in the Upper Citarum Watershed remains limited. This study focuses ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Excessive presence of heavy metals in water sources can reduce water quality and harm human health. However, research on heavy metals from water sources for sanitation and hygiene purposes and drinking water in the Upper Citarum Watershed remains limited. This study focuses on the distribution of heavy metals and chemicals that have potential health risks.METHODS: Ten heavy metals, namely, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, cobalt, iron, mercury, manganese, arsenic, and zinc, were analyzed. Groundwater samples were collected from 160 locations, and drinking water samples (for respondents who do not drink groundwater) were collected from 98 locations. Heavy metal concentrations were detected using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.FINDINGS: The levels of arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, iron, mercury, manganese, and lead exceeded the quality standards for drinking water, while those of arsenic and cobalt did not exceed the quality standards for water hygiene and sanitation. Arsenic and cobalt quality standards were more stringent for drinking water compared with those for water hygiene and sanitation. Lead–cadmium and iron–manganese in groundwater showed a positive Spearman correlation (p<0.05) and may originate from the same source. Copper and zinc did not exceed the quality standard in 100% of drinking water samples. Iron and zinc in groundwater differed significantly due to variations in topography and soil type (p<0.05). This study reveals that 6 out of 10 heavy metals are chemicals of potential concern and are sorted based on potential risks to health, that is, arsenic > mercury > lead > cobalt > manganese > cadmium. Ingestion is the main pathway for potential risk, and children are more likely to be at risk than adults.CONCLUSION: Stakeholders and decision makers must immediately implement sustainable actions to protect public health. Evaluation of water sources, technology, maintenance processes, and water quality should be conducted before and after technology use from Refill Drinking Water Depots to ensure that raw and processing water meets the quality standards.
Environmental Management
S. Ajbar El Gueriri; F. El Mansouri; F. Achemlal; S. Lachaal; J. Brigui; A. Fakih Lanjri
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Good health and a safe environment are essential for sustainable development, including the appropriate management of healthcare wastes. The study intends to assess the generation rate and management methods of healthcare waste in the regional hospital center and a private ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Good health and a safe environment are essential for sustainable development, including the appropriate management of healthcare wastes. The study intends to assess the generation rate and management methods of healthcare waste in the regional hospital center and a private clinic in Tangier, Morocco, with a focus on potential risks to health workers from infectious diseases.METHODS: The study collected data on healthcare waste generation over a period of two months by measuring and analyzing general and hazardous waste using an electronic scale. The data was presented as averages in kilograms per bed per day and as percentages. A questionnaire was provided to 100 healthcare workers. It included questions on their sociodemographic characteristics and their knowledge and attitudes regarding healthcare waste management.FINDINGS: The case study revealed that the healthcare waste production in the two institutions varied, with the private clinic producing 0.76 kilograms per day per bed and the regional hospital center producing 1.84 kilograms per day per bed. The survey also discovered that the hazardous fraction of waste generated in the regional hospital center was 40 percent, which was much higher than the World Health Organization’s estimation. The daily amount of hazardous waste generated increased from 260.49 kilograms to 436.81 kilograms post-COVID-19. The survey found gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and daily challenges in waste management practices among the health workers in both facilities.CONCLUSION: The survey findings suggest that the healthcare waste management methods in Tangier are unsafe and may endanger the health workers and patients. The study found that the lack of monitoring and control contributed significantly to noncompliance with good practices. These findings can be used by the regional divisions of the Ministry of Health to develop specific protocols for managing sanitary emergencies and perform routine observation and training at all levels in the two facilities studied.
Environmental Management
A.D. Santoso; T. Handayani; R.A. Nugroho; A.I. Yanuar; N. Nadirah; E.S. Rohaeni; E. Widjaja; M.A.M. Oktaufik; U. Ayuningtyas; Y.P. Erlambang; R. Herdioso; M.N. Rofiq; R. Hutapea; A.L. Sihombing; B. Rustianto; I.M.A.D Susila; D. Irawan; D. Iskandar; S. Indrijarso; G.D. Widiarta
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Most food waste is dominated by domestic activities consisting of large numbers of organic pollutants, such as nitrogen and phosphate potentially hazardous to the environment. Domestic waste can be used as a feed source in black soldier fly cultivation with utility in pollutant ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Most food waste is dominated by domestic activities consisting of large numbers of organic pollutants, such as nitrogen and phosphate potentially hazardous to the environment. Domestic waste can be used as a feed source in black soldier fly cultivation with utility in pollutant removal, animal feed production, and compost fertilizer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine sustainability of larvae from black soldier fly cultivation by calculating and analyzing index.METHODS: Data collection was conducted using the scientific judgment of experts and business actors in black soldier fly through Focus Group Discussion and the filling out of questionnaires consisting of 31 attributes connected with environment or ecology, economics, social, and technology dimensions. Furthermore, the data were calculated using the multi-dimensional scale approach with rapid appraisal software. Sustainability status and leverage attributes were analyzed by Monte Carlo analysis, and alternating least-squares algorithm.FINDINGS: Sustainability index for larvae of black soldier fly production was 89.69 percent. The result suggested that the technique in several stages of operation including waste collection, cultivation, harvesting, and commercialization contributed to sustainability development when the elements of strength of each dimension are considered. From the analysis of the four dimensions, economic dimension had 100 percent or maximum leverage value. The environmental and social dimensions had the same leverage values of 92.02 percent, while the technological dimension had 74.74 percent. The results indicated that management experiences and techniques, potential for odor generated, family member involvement, productivity level, and managers level, warrant further attention to improve sustainability of black soldier fly production.CONCLUSION: Production, productivity, land conversion, and population were identified as significant or dominating factors impacting the supply framework of black soldier fly production by the intended investigation inside the display ponders. Therefore, study should be encouraged to effectively integrate black soldier fly biomass as a value-added component in an ideal environmental, social, economic, and technical system. The results are significant in providing insights into the possibility of feasible black soldier fly biomass production in Indonesia, which can inform government policies and programs.
Environmental Management
B. Parsafar; M. Ahmadi; Gh.R. Jahed Khaniki; N. Shariatifar; A. Rahimi Foroushani
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Receiving nutrients from fruits and vegetables are essential for public health. However, a large amount of waste is produced during producing, supplying, and consuming these fruits and vegetables. Water, fertilizers and pesticides used for the production of agricultural ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Receiving nutrients from fruits and vegetables are essential for public health. However, a large amount of waste is produced during producing, supplying, and consuming these fruits and vegetables. Water, fertilizers and pesticides used for the production of agricultural products can affect the soil and their cultivation environment and finally lead to environmental pollution. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the amount of fruit and vegetable waste caused by corruption and evaluate its economic loss and health damage.METHODS: The data were collected using the observation technique aided by observation tools and weighing tests to physically analyze and determine the quantity and quality of waste from Tehran’s fruit and vegetable distribution centers. In each center, the waste obtained from fruits and vegetables was stored in special waste tanks at the end of the day, and the waste was transported to outside the center by special waste disposal vehicles. The economic loss of unusable fruits and vegetables was calculated according to the weight of their waste in the fields of agricultural product supply. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS, ANOVA statistical test, and Excel software.FINDINGS: The results revealed that the amounts of fruit and vegetable wastes were 12 percent and 24 percent, respectively, accounting for a total loss of 54,891,539 USD. The highest quantity of fruit waste (15 percent) was observed in summer, and the economic loss due to fruit waste was higher in this season. Also, the amounts of vegetable waste in summer and spring were equal to 28 percent and 24 percent, respectively, indicating the higher economic loss due to vegetable in these seasons.CONCLUSION: The results showed that the economic loss due to vegetable waste was greater than the economic loss due to fruit waste. The amount of vegetable waste was 24 percent, representing a high economic loss. The generation and disposal of these wastes caused a great economic loss and health problems due to their unpleasant odor, release of leachate into the environment, and landfill pollution. Therefore, it was recommended to follow appropriate production principles and supply operations. Moreover, a comprehensive waste disposal management, as a practical measure, should be used to prevent and control these problems. The use of modern technology in harvesting, transporting and supplying fruits and vegetables could reduce their lesion, and subsequently reduce the economic loss.
Environmental Management
M.H. Mansour
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the various environmental challenges the hotel sector faces, there is a significant need to resolve them by applying sustainable techniques like green human resource management. As a result, there is a pressing need to investigate how green human resource management ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the various environmental challenges the hotel sector faces, there is a significant need to resolve them by applying sustainable techniques like green human resource management. As a result, there is a pressing need to investigate how green human resource management may improve environmental performance. This study investigates the causal linkage among environmental awareness, green human resource management, green behaviours, green performance, and servant leadership.METHODS: The data were collected via Questionnaires obtained from employees working in hotels in Amman, Jordan (52.5 per cent response rate). To evaluate the model, Smart Partial Least Square was employed to conduct validity and reliability testing and develop structural equation modeling.FINDINGS: According to the results, Environmental awareness mediated the effects of green human resource management and green behaviours on green performance. Green HRM was found to have a direct and substantial impact on Green Performance (β = 0.109, p < 0.005). A positive and statistically significant relationship between Green Behaviors and Green Performance was also found (β = 0.338, p < 0.000). Additionally, Green HRM has a favorable and significant effect on Environmental Awareness (β = 0.176, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, Environmental Awareness is positively and significantly influenced by Green Behaviors (β = 0.743, p < 0.000). Green performance positively relates to environmental consciousness (β = 0.186, p < 0.000).CONCLUSION: Based on social cognition, social exchange, and social learning theory, this study contains theoretical insights, practical implications, and positive recommendations for hospitality managers and scholars. Current research is critical because it emphasizes environmental stewardship in industries that directly connect to and influence the environment, such as tourism and hospitality. The study does not examine environmental performance and behavior in general but instead evaluates pro-environmental behaviors in depth by considering green behaviour.
Environmental Management
F. Mardianti; D.E. Purba
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this era of globalization, clean water management is considered a complex problem requiring the strategic management of various aspects. Citizen participation in managing polluted waters is a critical, determining factor in preventing water crises. This study predicts the ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this era of globalization, clean water management is considered a complex problem requiring the strategic management of various aspects. Citizen participation in managing polluted waters is a critical, determining factor in preventing water crises. This study predicts the socioeconomic factors influencing citizens’ behaviors in polluted water management.METHOD: A survey on Jakarta’s clean water was conducted with 503 respondents in 2022. Three interest variables were studied: first action taken during contamination, water nuisance level, and willingness to pay for clean water. Control variables were also explored, including daily income, education level, age, marital status, and gender. Data were analyzed using logistic regression.FINDINGS: In general, socioeconomic factors influence citizens’ behaviors in dealing with polluted water. The specific findings regarding the probabilities for the first action on the basis of asking for immediate action from local authorities, namely, by asking other citizens, waiting for information from other citizens, and looking for sources of water pollution were –2.21, –3.50, and 0.61, respectively. The results also revealed the probabilities of nuisance level (0.07), willingness to pay for clean water (0.0495), daily income (–0.02), educational level (–0.429), and age (0.01). The probabilities for married citizens (–2.845) and men (–0.268) were lower than those for unmarried citizens and women, respectively.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study can be used to predict the management of water pollution among Jakarta citizens, as well as serve as a reference for related stakeholders. Socioeconomic factors can affect citizens in various aspects of life, including participation in water management. However, not all socioeconomic factors are directly proportional to citizen participation. In fact, other socioeconomic indicators are inversely proportional to what are expected based on theoretical assumption. Finally, educational level and income do not always translate to behavioral changes linked to water pollution management.
Environmental Management
E. Ernyasih; A. Mallongi; A. Daud; S. Palutturi; S. Stang; R. Thaha; E. Ibrahim; W. Al Madhoun
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The rising number of vehicles used for transportation, which is attributed to the steady increase in population, is known to be a major contributor of air pollution, which, in turn, can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, in this study, we aimed ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The rising number of vehicles used for transportation, which is attributed to the steady increase in population, is known to be a major contributor of air pollution, which, in turn, can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the concentration of carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter in the air and their potential health risks and further examine the use of probabilistic methods to simulate the sensitivity of people living in communities and school children to these pollutants.METHODS: This study collected carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter samples from 32 stations near community houses and 14 sites near schools located along roads. Hazard quotient and target hazard quotient calculations were used to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risks associated with exposure to these substances for both community adults and school children. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations were applied to analyze the sensitivity and uncertainty risks. FINDINGS: As per the results, the highest level of carbon monoxide was recorded in station 22, with 6729 microgram per cubic meter, while the lowest was in station 24, with 1037 microgram per cubic meter. Station 10 had the highest concentration of fine particulate matter at 116 microgram per cubic meter, as opposed to station 2 with the lowest level at 10 microgram per cubic meter. In children, the hazard quotient value for carbon monoxide was found to be highest at 3.013, with the lowest at 0.614. Similarly, the highest level of target hazard quotient for carbon monoxide in children was 7.370, whereas the lowest was 1.522. For fine particulate matter, the highest risk level was 0.180. Additionally, the highest, and lowest levels of target hazard quotient for fine particulate matter were 0.311 and 0.037, respectively. Deterministic and probabilistic approaches were used to assess the risks these pollutants impose on adults and school children based on their daily inhalation rate. The results revealed that the 5th and 95th percentiles of cancer risk for carbon monoxide in adults were 2.85 and 6.11, respectively, indicating medium risks. However, for fine particulate matter, the 5th, and 95th percentiles were 0.09 and 0.19, respectively, signifying lower risks. For school children, the percentiles for carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter were 1.20 and 2.50, respectively, demonstrating higher risks.CONCLUSION: As per the results, it was determined that the hazard quotient risk for carbon monoxide in adults exceeded the standard, >1, thus posing a risk. Only three stations had hazard quotient values lower than 1, which is deemed of safe level. Most of the fine particulate matter risk assessment results had hazard quotient values lower than 1, indicating a safe level. However, all other 30 stations had exceeded the World Health Organization standard (>1), thus demonstrating risks. The likelihood of the inhabitants being at risk increased as the frequency of discrete exposure occurrences increased; this is evidenced by target hazard quotient calculation results for both carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter at the 32 monitored station areas. These results warrant that future research should focus on reducing carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter in the environment by fostering awareness among local and national stakeholders as well as the academe; this may allow South Tangerang to become a center of excellence for green schools in the area.
Environmental Management
L.A. Omarbakiyev; S.M. Kantarbayeva; A.K. Nizamdinova; S.T. Zhumasheva; G.Zh. Seitkhamzina; A. Saulembekova
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Geopolitical risks have made significant changes in the integration ties between the countries of Central Asia, which has affected the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and food security. The adoption of urgent measures to improve food security, on the ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Geopolitical risks have made significant changes in the integration ties between the countries of Central Asia, which has affected the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and food security. The adoption of urgent measures to improve food security, on the one hand, is a necessary condition for the development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, but on the other hand, it can lead to a decrease in the level of environmental security in the country if the possible consequences in the reintegration process are not considered. Therefore, this article aimed to examine the sustainable agriculture practices implemented in Kazakhstan’s agro-industrial complex to improve food security and reduce the environmental impact of agriculture.METHODS: To collect information, a mixed research strategy combining qualitative and quantitative methods was used. The collection of information was carried out in the summer of 2022 and consisted of three stages. In the first stage, statistical information was collected; in the second stage, a correlation analysis was carried out; and in the third stage, a survey of 40 experts was conducted.FINDING: The data obtained indicate that the efficiency of Kazakhstan’s agricultural production strongly and directly depends on the level of the country’s integration into the united Eurasian Economic Union market. Due to the geographical features of Kazakhstan’s location, it is necessary to develop areas that are primarily focused on the internal capabilities of the country. Internal changes will help the industry increase international competitiveness and efficiency while promoting sustainable development and ensuring food security and environmental safety.CONCLUSION: The article determined that it is necessary to prioritize developing multilateral partnerships to address transportation and logistics challenges in the export and import of agricultural products, and reduce dependence on the import of seeds, breeding products, fodder, and agricultural machinery. However, to effectively promote these areas, it is necessary to improve food security through the introduction of sustainable agriculture practices, such as crop diversification, conservation agriculture, integrated pest management, and drip irrigation.
Environmental Management
D.P. Darmawan; G.M.K. Arisena; A.A.A.W.S. Djelantik; A.A.K. Krisnandika; N.L.M.I.M. Dewi; N.T. Lukpitasari Korri; N.M.C. Sukendar
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The high need for tourism-supporting infrastructure has impacted the increasing conversion of land functions in Denpasar City, Indonesia. The lack of agricultural areas in Denpasar City has motivated farmers to continue farming. Farmer motivation to do farming will collide ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The high need for tourism-supporting infrastructure has impacted the increasing conversion of land functions in Denpasar City, Indonesia. The lack of agricultural areas in Denpasar City has motivated farmers to continue farming. Farmer motivation to do farming will collide with obstacles in carrying out agricultural activities in Denpasar City. The purpose of this study was to examine the motivations and obstacles faced by farmers in carrying out agricultural activities. This research is relevant to the journal scope of Sustainable Agriculture Management, Urban, and Built Environmental Management.METHODS: This study was carried out in Denpasar City in Indonesia, where each sub-district in Denpasar City will be selected by one Subak. The selection of Subak was based on the Subak with the most farmers in each sub-district in Denpasar City. The selected subak were Pakel 1 Subak, Kerdung Subak, Temaga Subak, and Margaya Subak. The population in this study was 672 people. The respondents in this study were 87 people. The data collection method was carried out using structured and in-depth interviews using questions and points while face-to-face between the interviewer and the respondent, via a prepared questionnaire. This study uses two variables with 41 indicators. The analytical methods used to point to objectives one, two, and three are descriptive quantitative and descriptive qualitative methods. Goal four is “Build a model for dealing with obstacles to farming in urban areas.” The fourth objective was analyzed descriptive qualitative based on the results of the analysis of objectives one, two, and three.FINDINGS: The study results show that the motivation to continue farming is caused by demands to work, not having another job to get help from other parties, a healthy work environment, the ability to take lessons from previous farming experience affect product quality, and work in nature. The obstacles for farmers to continue farming are the bargaining position of farmers in selling products, market information obtained by farmers is still minimal, and market absorption of the products produced is not maximized.CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the research, several things deserve to be concluded. The number of dependents of a farming family is more than six because there are still children of farmers already working but still being supported by their parents for their primary needs, and most of the farmers do farming in an area of 0.21 – 0.60 hectares. The motivation to keep farming is caused by the demands to work, not having another job to get help from other parties, a healthy work environment, and the ability to take lessons from the previous farming experience affecting product quality and work in nature. The obstacles for farmers to continue farming are the bargaining position of farmers in selling products, market information obtained by farmers is still minimal, and market absorption of the products produced is not maximized.
Environmental Management
. Nurliza
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Indonesia is the second largest natural rubber producer, which it gets primarily from smallholders. However, smallholders are less and less competitive because of unsustainable agricultural practices, while there is huge potential for sustainable natural rubber. This study ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Indonesia is the second largest natural rubber producer, which it gets primarily from smallholders. However, smallholders are less and less competitive because of unsustainable agricultural practices, while there is huge potential for sustainable natural rubber. This study aimed to measure the effect of income and smallholder characteristics on cultivation, harvesting, and post-harvest management.METHODS: Mixed methods with non-probability sampling were used for 100 natural rubber smallholders in Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, one of the regional centers of Indonesian natural rubber. Partial least square path modeling was used with SmartPLS software to estimate the complex cause-effect relationships of smallholder and farm factors for adopting sustainable agricultural practices.FINDINGS: The effect of the relationship between income and smallholder characteristics on cultivation and income on post-harvest management was not significant. Age and education affected some harvesting parameters, such as tapping knives, bamboo and clean latex collection, and latex stimulus risk, and some post-harvest parameters, such as a risk of acid coagulation and storage. The worker's income source, based on off-farm, on-farm, or non-farm activities, affected harvesting parameters, including tapping knives, bamboo and clean latex collection, and latex stimulus risk. CONCLUSION: This study offers empirical evidence for sustainable agriculture management. The acceptance of sustainable cultivation and management of rubber practices uses smallholder and farm factors as constraints since they do not form a homogenous group, and the theory of planned behavior failed to provide an effective way to explain the behaviors. Good agricultural practices must be used at all steps, including cultivation, harvesting, and post-harvest management, to prevent problems.
Environmental Management
A. Abubakar; H. Yusuf; M. Syukri; R. Nasution; M. Yusuf; R. Idroes
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medicinal plants growing in geothermal areas have been reported to possess relatively high concentrations of bioactive secondary metabolites, which have been attributed to the adaptive heat stress response. Nonetheless, the exploitation of their medicinal benefits is limited ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medicinal plants growing in geothermal areas have been reported to possess relatively high concentrations of bioactive secondary metabolites, which have been attributed to the adaptive heat stress response. Nonetheless, the exploitation of their medicinal benefits is limited by potentially life-threatening concentrations of heavy metals. Chromolaena odorata Linn, also called seurapoh, is a well-known medicinal plant that can absorb and accumulate heavy metals from the soil. This present study aimed to investigate the contents of mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic in the ethanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata Linn leaves collected from a geothermal area in Aceh Province, Indonesia.METHODS: Three hot springs, namely Ie-Suum, Ie-Jue, and Ie-Brouk, located in the same geothermal area, Seulawah Agam, were selected as the sampling points, and three samples of Chromolaena odorata were collected at each point. Extraction was carried out by means of maceration employing ethanol solvent. The heavy metal contents of each extract were determined using priorly validated atomic absorption spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The maximum thresholds of each heavy metal from the Indonesian Agency for Drug and Food Control were adopted during data interpretation.FINDINGS: The results revealed the presence of trace levels of arsenic (0.0482 ± 0.004 – 0.0639 ± 0.007 milligram per kilogram) and lead (0.0219 ± 0.004 – 0.0672 ± 0.006 milligram per kilogram), which did not exceed Indonesian maximum safety thresholds (≤5 and ≤10 milligram per kilogram, respectively). Mercury in all samples was not observable (limit of detection = 0.018 milligram per liter). Cadmium was observed in almost all samples with a concentration range of 0.0219 ± 0.005–1.1472 ± 0.006 milligram per kilogram, which exceeded the maximum threshold (0.3 milligram per liter).CONCLUSION: Heavy metal contamination in the ethanolic extract of geothermal Chromolaena odorata leaves has been attributed to volcanic activities. Among the heavy metals of concern, cadmium was the only one with a concentration exceeding the safety limit. The presence of cadmium in the extract at a high concentration could cause its translocation to the human body, eventually leading to multiple organ damage. Therefore, the extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves collected from a geothermal area should be consumed with caution for possible cadmium intoxication.
Environmental Management
F.G. Arredondo Trapero; E.M. Guerra Leal; J. Kim
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although governments and companies have been implementing various measures, such as technological innovation, new emissions regulations, and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it seems that global warming is not decreasing. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although governments and companies have been implementing various measures, such as technological innovation, new emissions regulations, and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it seems that global warming is not decreasing. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the commitments of companies were considered to be the key for climate change. However, since the Paris Climate Agreement, there has not been an accurate evaluation of the efforts and contributions of companies toward emission reductions. This study investigated the effectiveness of companies in Climate Action and tested its impact on greenhouse gas emissions at the country and per capita levels.METHODS: This study focuses on companies of the countries from the main Latin American economies (Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina) and their major trading partners (the United States of America, Canada, China, Korea, Germany, and Japan). There are 894 companies from Latin America and 3680 companies that represent their trading partners of referred countries in Climate Action. This study used two data sources, the commitment of companies from Global Climate Action and the annual greenhouse gas emissions levels of each country from an open-access data platform called Our World in Data.FINDING: The findings demonstrate a significant and positive relationship between changes in greenhouse gas emissions from 2021 and 2020 and the number of companies participating in Global Climate Action (Pearson = .718*, significance = .013) and per capita (Pearson = 0.827** significance = 0.002). Correlations indicate there is a higher level of commitment to climate action but with marginal contributions to greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Previous expectations were that greater corporate involvement in climate action would reflect a link to greenhouse gas reductions, but this was not the case. Additionally, the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions during the pandemic was due to the economic slowdown and was not necessarily because of the climate action efforts of companies and governments to reduce emissions. The findings demonstrated a negative and significant correlation at the country level during the pandemic (Pearson = −0.629 significance = .038). The lack of effective results for reducing (from 2020 and 2021) greenhouse gas emissions justifies the relevance of increasing transparency and accountability for both companies and countries. The acceleration of the production system reflected in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions is not keeping pace with the commitments and the reported achievements on Global Climate Action.CONCLUSION: This study contributed to justifying efforts for a better way to follow up international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Transparency and accountability are key to effectively achieving greenhouse gas reductions and curbing the impending climate crisis.
Environmental Management
S. Sunarti; R.S.Y. Zebua; J.H. Tjakraatmadja; A. Ghazali; B. Rahardyan; K. Koeswinarno; S. Suradi; N. Nurhayu; R.H.A. Ansyah
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Community engagement is crucial to overcome environmental issues, including waste management. Several education-based initiatives have been employed to improve community engagement in waste management programs, but the effects were not satisfied in changing resident behavior ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Community engagement is crucial to overcome environmental issues, including waste management. Several education-based initiatives have been employed to improve community engagement in waste management programs, but the effects were not satisfied in changing resident behavior for sustainable engagement. Some studies suggested social learning as the solution to improve community engagement through practice-based and dialogue-based learning activities. Nevertheless, it needed more empirical evidence to show the effect. This study aimed to measure the effect of social learning on improving individual waste management behavior and how social learning influence it.METHODS: Using SmartPLS 3.2.9, this study measured the causal relationship of social learning activities to individual affective and behavioral factors. This study involved 504 residents exposed to social learning activities in Kawasan Bebas Sampah/ Zero Waste Area program in Bandung City, Indonesia as the respondents to gather the data using survey method.FINDINGS: The study found that social learning activities have significantly influenced waste management behavior indirectly through Affective factors. The data showed that Dialogue-based learning has no significant effect on Affective factors for all significance levels (β = -0.0862, P > 0.01). Instead, path model analysis indicated the mediating effect of Practice-based learning for Dialogue-based learning and Affective Factors, with the accuracy model at a moderate level (R2 = 42%; Q2 = 0.2258). Meanwhile, supporting facilities influenced both Practice-based learning (β = 0.3116, P < 0.001) and Affective factors (β = 0.4419, P < 0.001) significantly. Further path model analysis demonstrated that without “Affective Factors” being nurtured, learning activities and Facilities would not be able to improve behavior significantly, as all paths directing to Behavioral Domain (Intention and WMB) had an insignificant effect (P value > 0.05).CONCLUSION: This study offered empirical evidence, showing the mechanism of social learning to improve waste management behavior. The Learning activities should combine Dialogue and Practice-based learning to influence waste management behavior significantly, while Affective factors become the direct effect of Learning Activities. Supporting facilities were required to support the learning by providing routine waste collection systems and recycling facilities beneficial for the residents. In order to improve the learning activity effectiveness, the facilitators need to pay more attention to the learning contents to nurture the expected Affective Factors factors.
Environmental Management
J. Kharkan; M.H. Sayadi; M. Hajiani; M.R. Rezaei; M. Savabieasfahani
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The nanoparticles has been discussed in terms of their adverse global impacts on health and health inequity. Metal oxide nanoparticles and their salts can have varied toxic effects on different tissues in the aquatic environments. The aim of present study was to assess the ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The nanoparticles has been discussed in terms of their adverse global impacts on health and health inequity. Metal oxide nanoparticles and their salts can have varied toxic effects on different tissues in the aquatic environments. The aim of present study was to assess the toxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles in relation to different nickel salts.METHODS: Acute toxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate and nickel chloride, in black fish was investigated. A total of 125 fish were randomly assigned to a control group (n=25) and four exposure groups (n=25 per group). After 28 days of exposure, the bioaccumulation of nickel oxide nanoparticles in gill, intestine, liver, and kidney of the fish was determined by killing half of them in each group and dissecting their tissues. The remaining fish were placed in clean water for another 28 days and the depuration rate was estimated.FINDINGS: The LC50-96 values reported for nickel oxide nanoparticles, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate and nickel chloride were 195, 120, 138 and 91 milligrams per liter, respectively. Therefore, nickel chloride had a higher toxicity compared to nickel oxide nanoparticles, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate. The highest rate of nickel oxide nanoparticles bioaccumulation was observed in the gill (0.40±0.08 microgram per gram), intestine (41.82±16.95 microgram per gram), liver (2.16±1.82 microgram per gram), and kidney (2.16±1.26 microgram per gram) of the fish. The highest depuration rate of nickel oxide nanoparticles, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, and nickel chloride was recorded in the intestinal tissue of the fish. The lowest depuration rate of nickel oxide nanoparticles, nickel sulfate and nickel nitrate was observed in the kidney tissue of the fish. Also, the lowest depuration rate of nickel chloride was witnessed in the gill tissue of the fish. Histopathological anomalies were detected in the fish exposed to nickel oxide nanoparticles. These anomalies were fusion of lamellae, lamellar synechiae, curvature and oedema in the gill; increased number of goblet cells and cell swelling; and degradation of villi structure and expansion of villi structure in the intestine.CONCLUSION: The study conclusively demonstrated that nickel oxide nanoparticles were eco-toxic and harmful to aquatic organisms. Strong global nickel oxide nanoparticles regulations must be enforced to prevent further environmental contamination with nanoparticles.
Environmental Management
E.D. Lusiana; S. Astutik; N. Nurjannah; A.B. Sambah
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Conservation efforts are often prioritized on a large spatial scale because information about local ecosystems is frequently lacking. Therefore, comprehensive spatial classification of a region’s environmental characteristics is essential for effective marine conservation. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Conservation efforts are often prioritized on a large spatial scale because information about local ecosystems is frequently lacking. Therefore, comprehensive spatial classification of a region’s environmental characteristics is essential for effective marine conservation. This study aimed to construct geophysical and chemical environmental delineation of the Lesser Sunda Islands which are located in Indonesia. This area is an ecoregion in the coral triangle that has been a primary concern of global biodiversity conservation strategies.METHODS: This study utilized eleven global environmental variables that were accessed from global marine databases. After performing a principal component analysis, a fuzzy C-means clustering technique was used to classify the region into groups based on environmental characteristics in term of seasonal variability. It was expected that the areas within each group would have identical attributes and ecological processes.FINDINGS: The results suggested that the marine environmental factors in Lesser Sunda can be simplified using a principal component analysis technique: 6 principal component factors explained 81.06 percent of the overall raw data variability for the wet season, and 7 principal component variables explained 84.51 percent of the overall raw data variability for the dry season. Then, the area can be delineated into 5 groups (wet season) and 10 groups (dry season) with different environmental characteristics. This method's classified groups principally inferred the Indian Ocean and Bali Sea, Savu Sea and Flores Sea, and Banda Sea as distinct clusters. In particular, the group that included the Indian Ocean had characteristics including lower nitrate and sea surface temperature concentrations, as well as higher potential hydrogen salinity and distance from the shore.CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that the single marine conservation area in Lesser Sunda is not sufficient to adequately represent the physicochemical dynamics in the area. The proposed delineation result will supplement the existing bioregion classification of marine areas, such as the Marine Ecoregions of the World. Moreover, it is also consistent with existing conservation programs, including the notable national marine protected areas of the Savu Sea. Nevertheless, the acknowledged biogeographic group of the Indian Ocean indicates that countries must work together to successfully manage marine protected areas and achieve their conservation objectives. This work serves as a baseline for both academic research and ecological assessment, and it will contribute to marine protected areas strategies and conservation efforts in the Lesser Sunda Islands.
Environmental Management
K. Moulato; M. Ammari; L. Ben Allal
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The disposal of sludge from wastewater treatment plants into the natural environment represents a major danger to the environment and human health. The use of urban sludge as raw material in the manufacture of clay bricks not only reduces the amount of sludge but also transforms ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The disposal of sludge from wastewater treatment plants into the natural environment represents a major danger to the environment and human health. The use of urban sludge as raw material in the manufacture of clay bricks not only reduces the amount of sludge but also transforms it into useful materials. This paper studies the physicochemical, geotechnical, mineralogical, mechanical, and environmental characterizations of earth bricks with the objective of evaluating the performance of the sewage sludge and eventually studying its consistency with natural clay to produce brick samples. The aim of the study is to evaluate the properties of bricks made from sewage sludge, innovating an effective elimination of the urban sludge.METHODS: Measurements of sludge heavy metal concentrations are made with an inductively coupled plasma on a 63-micrometer fine particle fraction. Organic matter performed by the Walkley-Black assay and the loss on ignition method for comparison. Volatile matter, total nitrogen, moisture content, dryness, pH, methylene blue assay, and carbonate rate were determined using a 2-millimeter Bernard calcimeter by volumetric method. Density, plasticity, liquidity index, and pore distribution were determined using a mercury porosimeter, and the specific surface and granulometric analysis have been established. Mineralogical characterization of sludge by X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence has been provided for comparative analysis with natural clay. The brick samples were then shaped, dried, fired at 930 Celsius degree, and qualified by tests, including linear and mass shrinkage, porosity, water absorption, density, compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, and leaching.FINDINGS: The analyses by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction of the sludge revealed the presence of mineral constituents, including calcite, silica, kaolinite, and dolomite and shows an important amount of silicon dioxide (31.6 percent) and aluminum oxide (11.5 percent). The sludge was classified as fine with a silty-clay character, with a plasticity index of 54.63 percent, and was therefore very plastic, and had trace element concentrations below the authorized standards. A sample containing 10 percent of sludge gives a strength of 25.9 megapascal which is close to that of the control brick. The bulk density analysis of brick sample 1 was 1.57 grams per cubic centimeter and classifies it as a light building material. Above 20 percent of samples substitution, their strength becomes less reliable, due to the large amount of organic matter that burns during firing which creates pores in the finished product.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that thermal processes limit the leaching of metals and are practically inaccessible to the ecosystem, so the brick cannot harm the environment. As the sludge content increases, the final structure no longer conforms to the control sample. This incorporation of natural clay and sludge allows to obtain a lighter brick than the conventional one. The study suggests that a 10 percent incorporation of sludge allows the production of efficient bricks and reinforces the potential of this valorization technique, which efficiently contributes to the accomplishment of sustainable waste management objectives. By helping reduce waste produced in very large quantities, this study contributes to the protection of the environment and human health.
Environmental Management
N. Nurhasanah; L. Sulistyowati; E. Riani; M. R. Cordova
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For enhanced environmental management of the Ciliwung River, toxic pollutions such as cadmium dan lead data are required. Cadmium and lead have widespread industrial applications. However, cadmium and lead are poisonous and classified as cancer-causing non-essential elements. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: For enhanced environmental management of the Ciliwung River, toxic pollutions such as cadmium dan lead data are required. Cadmium and lead have widespread industrial applications. However, cadmium and lead are poisonous and classified as cancer-causing non-essential elements. Moreover, cadmium and lead accumulation in Ciliwung River-caught eels has not yet been examined. Consequently, it is essential to acquire the gathered data from this study. The primary objective of this study was to explore the accumulation of cadmium and lead in sediments and eel organs along the Ciliwung River and to estimate the weekly cadmium and lead intake from eel consumed by the people.METHODS: Sediment and eel samples were collected at six sampling locations ranging from the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions. Method of 3051a of the United States Environmental Protection Agency was applied to analyze the metal yield from the sediment samples and targeted eel organs (gills, digestive tract, and flesh). In addition, quality control and quality assurance standards were employed, and Certified Reference Materials were used to ensure the quality of data and instruments.FINDINGS: The average concentrations of cadmium (0.7825±0.3768 milligram per kilogram) and lead (36.9333±14.9040 milligram per kilogram) were greater than their natural levels. The average cadmium concentration in riverine sediment was below the interim sediment quality guidelines. However, the lead concentration exceeded the guidelines. The cadmium and lead accumulation patterns in the sediment and eels were found to be lowest in the upstream and found increased in the downstream are. In this case, the gills acquired the most concentration of cadmium (1.4571±0.3433 microgram per gram) and lead (43.2489±18.6775 microgram per gram). The fact that eel gills accumulated the highest cadmium and lead indicates the presence of heavy metals in their environment. The accumulation of cadmium and lead in the eel surpassed the permitted levels. According to the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake estimation, this research showed 0.0328 milligram/week for the cadmium and 1.2826 milligram/week for the lead.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cadmium and lead in riverine sediments and eels in the Ciliwung River is believed to be predominantly the result of inefficient wastewater management. However, cadmium and lead pollution must be handled with extreme caution because it interferes with the physiological processes of the biota, hence decreasing the population of eels and posing a health risk if consumed. In general, Asian swamp eels from the Ciliwung River are still edible. As a result, it is hoped that enhanced management will reduce the number of pollutants entering the riverine ecosystem.
Environmental Management
N. Saif; G.G.G. Goh; J.W. Ong; I.U. Khan
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The current study investigates green transactional leadership for the first time in order to understand leader-follower relations in studying green behavior in higher education institutions. The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic relationship between green transformational ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The current study investigates green transactional leadership for the first time in order to understand leader-follower relations in studying green behavior in higher education institutions. The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic relationship between green transformational leadership, green transactional leadership and green creativity that are mediated by green intrinsic motivation.METHODS: This study used adapted constructs from previous environmental research as well as a newly-developed green transactional leadership construct. Responses were obtained from university students working on their final-year projects. In order to evaluate the model, partial least squares structural equation modeling using Measurement model assessment was used to validate the structural and measurement model.FINDINGS: Findings indicate that green intrinsic motivation significantly influences the relationship between green transformational leadership and green creativity (Beta=0.321; t=3.129), as well as green transactional leadership and green creativity (Beta=0.114; t=2.322). However, green transformational leadership is a stronger predictor in comparison to green transactional leadership in nurturing green creativity among students to provide viable solutions to existing products/processes. The R2 or contribution given by green transformational leadership and green transactional leadership on green creativity was 45.7 percent while the contribution of green transformational leadership, green transactional leadership and green creativity on green intrinsic motivation was 57.7 percent.CONCLUSION: Policy makers must focus their attention on promoting green transactional and transformational leadership that will directly enhance students’ motivation to promote the green creativity through innovative product/service model innovation.
Environmental Management
R. Setiowati; R.H. Koestoer; K. Mizuno; H.S. Hasibuan
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The spread of Coronavirus disease limited the activities of humans in the globe in 2020 with Jakarta reported to have also struggled with the virus. The pandemic stopped humans from visiting public amenities such as urban green spaces which are one of the key components of ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The spread of Coronavirus disease limited the activities of humans in the globe in 2020 with Jakarta reported to have also struggled with the virus. The pandemic stopped humans from visiting public amenities such as urban green spaces which are one of the key components of sustainable and livable cities and have the ability to reduce the negative impact on mental health. However, there are limited studies on the behaviors and perceptions of humans toward the usage of urban green spaces during the pandemic. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the changes in the behaviors, perceptions, and visitation of residents towards the urban green space during the pandemic based on the socioeconomic aspects as well as the access and proximity to the parks and urban forests.METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed through an online survey on social media for approximately two months, from March to April 2021, and the last data recorded showed there were 1,660 respondents. The attention was on their perceptions and visitation to the urban green spaces spread across administrative cities in Jakarta, representing 42 districts and 239 sub-districts. Data obtained were analyzed empirically using the partial least square structural equation approach and SmartPLS 3.0 software to determine the relationship between the respondents’ characteristics and proximity to urban green space visitation.FINDINGS: The results showed that almost half of the respondents perceived changes in the urban green spaces and the majority believed the spaces were more useful during the pandemic. It was also discovered that the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents including age, education level, occupational status, and average monthly income differed statistically significantly from the criteria associated with the visitation to urban green spaces during the pandemic. The findings indicated that education was substantially associated with the decision to exercise and engage in outdoor recreation in urban green spaces. Meanwhile, not all houses close to the parks and urban forests have a statistically significant impact on their usage and this is the explanation for the non-correlation and non-causation.CONCLUSION: This study showed that the perception of urban green space by the people changed during the pandemic but its usage was reduced due to the closures and restriction policies implemented. It was also discovered that socioeconomic characteristics have a significant influence on visitation but not all accessibility factors were significantly affected and this is different from the findings of previous studies. Moreover, this study discussed and shared empirical evidence that depicts urban green space as a resilient urban infrastructure during the pandemic. This means it is necessary to promote sustainable urban planning through the development of urban green spaces to manage the medium and long-term crises.
Environmental Management
T.H. Truong; L.T.T. Nguyen; D.D. Nguyen; T. Pham; T.M. Vu; P.H. Nguyen; Q.T. Nguyen
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water security for food production in the deltas of international river basins has become the top concern of the basin countries. Numerous efforts were made to develop frameworks for the assessment of water security at different scales. However, no framework could be directly ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Water security for food production in the deltas of international river basins has become the top concern of the basin countries. Numerous efforts were made to develop frameworks for the assessment of water security at different scales. However, no framework could be directly applied to the deltas of the transboundary basins because they have not fully addressed the characteristics of the deltas. This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for the assessment of water security for the international river basin deltas and applied it to the Vietnamese Mekong Delta.METHODS: The water security assessment framework was developed on the basis of the concept of water security defined by the United Nations Water following the “Driving forces-Pressure-State-Impact-Response” approach. The developed framework is then used to evaluate the water security conditions for 22 subregions of the Mekong Delta.FINDINGS: The proposed water security assessment framework comprises the following six dimensions: water resources, domestic water supply, water for economic development, water-related disasters, ecological and environmental protection, and water governance, which contain 21 indicators and 5 sub-indicators. The results of applying this framework to the Mekong Delta showed that the overall water security conditions in most subregions in 2018 were only at the medium level. The degree of water security in flood season is higher than that in the dry season. The main reasons that lead to the medium-level water security of the region have been identified, including high dependence on external water resources (more than 90%) and transboundary water cooperation between the basin countries and rather low water productivity in economic sectors. The study suggests that improvement in transboundary water cooperation and water productivity would help enhance future water security in the Mekong Delta.CONCLUSION: Assessment of the water security for the deltas of the transboundary river basins requires a comprehensive assessment framework. The framework developed in this study was successfully applied to the case of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The proposed framework will help policymakers of the Mekong riparian countries to monitor the impact of the basin development plans and policies on water security conditions jointly and determine appropriate solutions to enhance water security for the basin.
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