Environmental Science
D. Syukri; H. Suryanto; F. Kurniawan; P.D. Hari; R.M. Fiana; . Rini
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Constructing a nanocellulose membrane from biomass waste can lessen harmful environmental effects owing to its ability to absorb chemical and microbiological impurities. Therefore, nanocellulose membranes with magnetic properties were developed as a powerful apparatus for reducing ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Constructing a nanocellulose membrane from biomass waste can lessen harmful environmental effects owing to its ability to absorb chemical and microbiological impurities. Therefore, nanocellulose membranes with magnetic properties were developed as a powerful apparatus for reducing microbials and dyes in water.METHODS: In this study, bacterial cellulose acetate-based nanocomposite membrane with ferrous-ferric oxide nanoparticle reinforcement was produced from pineapple peel biowaste extract through fermentation and esterification. High-pressure homogenization was used to produce nano properties of cellulose from pineapple. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic homogenizer was used to mix the produced nanocellulose with the ferrous-ferric oxide with various treatment (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 weight percent of cellulose acetate) to produce nanocomposite membrane. The membrane was then applied for the removal of bacteria and dyes. The samples were water from local rivers located near industries such as rubber, cement, and tofu industries. The effectiveness of the nanocomposite membrane at bacteria and dyes reduction was assessed.FINDINGS: Nano cellulose membrane effectively reduced gram-negative bacteria and anionic dyes in the water samples. The ferrous-ferric oxide reinforcement enhanced the effectiveness of the membrane on bacteria and dye reduction. The addition of ferrous-ferric oxide resulted in a greater amount of dye degradation, and the presence of ≥0.75 percent ferrous-ferric oxide indicated an optimum ability to kill bacteria.CONCLUSION: Ferrous-ferric oxide yielded good results in reducing the number of microbes and anionic dyes in the water samples tested. The results of this research can be used as basic data to advance the use of nanocellulose membranes as a biomaterial for controlling environmental impacts.
Environmental Science
I. Dewiyanti; D. Darmawi; Z.A. Muchlisin; T.Z. Helmi
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Soil is an essential abiotic component serving as a habitat for numerous organisms, including cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in mangrove ecosystems. This bacteria could produce active enzymes needed to improve environmental quality by accelerating the organic matter decomposition. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Soil is an essential abiotic component serving as a habitat for numerous organisms, including cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in mangrove ecosystems. This bacteria could produce active enzymes needed to improve environmental quality by accelerating the organic matter decomposition. The unique mangrove environment may contain new types of cellulolytic bacteria with new characteristics. Despite several mangrove areas being explored as sources of cellulolytic bacteria, there is currently unexplored data on its diversity in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Accordingly, it is necessary to analyze the molecular biological approach, namely the 16 svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene, to identify the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria and analyze the phylogenetic relationships between them.METHODS: Bacteria isolates were collected from mangrove soil at six research locations with three replications. A purposive sampling method was applied to determine the research location. Isolates from soil samples were streaked and purified in carboxymethyl cellulose as selective media for cellulolytic bacteria. Molecular identification adopted 16 svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing, and the sequencing data were matched with GenBank data. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic distance between species were evaluated using molecular evolutionary genetics analysis.FINDINGS: Thirteen isolates were sequenced, and nine species of cellulolytic bacteria dominated by the Bacillus genus were identified. These species exhibited an identity value of 97.77-100 percent when compared to data from GenBank, and B. velezensis was found to have a close relationship with B. amyloliquefaciens at a value of 0.002 percent. Interestingly, the non-rehabilitated mangrove areas had more bacterial species than the rehabilitated ones. Two Bacillus genus had different nucleotide bases, proving they were distinct species.CONCLUSION: Nine cellulolytic bacteria species were identified; the two closely interspecies genetic distance related were B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens, whereas the farthest were Bacillus sp1. and Bacillus sp2. Small genetic distances of interspecies indicate a close relationship between species. In comparing the two sampling sites, the non-rehabilitated mangrove contains higher bacterial cellulolytic species than the rehabilitated and Bacillus-dominated site. The findings provide valuable insights into the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria in mangrove ecosystems. The abundance of bacterial species could serve as sources of cellulase enzymes with different characteristics, essential in an environmental aquatic management.
Environmental Science
D. Pringgenies; W. Ari Setyati; F. Feliatra; D. Ariyanto
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves are known to contain tannins, flavonoids, and quinones, which have the potential to be antibacterial, effective even against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Mangroves also have antifungal and antiviral properties. Although, mangroves are known for their use as medicinal ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves are known to contain tannins, flavonoids, and quinones, which have the potential to be antibacterial, effective even against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Mangroves also have antifungal and antiviral properties. Although, mangroves are known for their use as medicinal ingredients, information regarding symbiont bacteria’s antibacterial and antifungal potential is still scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine symbiont bacteria in the fruit and leaves of Xylocarpus granatum as additional raw materials for anti-acne cosmetic creams and moisturisers.METHODS: Symbiont bacteria were isolated using the pour plate method through Zobell 2216E and incubated for 2 x 24 hours at 27.5 Celcius degree. Afterwards, 13 isolates were successfully isolated and characterised based on their morphology. Further, everal tests were conducted, including the antibacterial test, antifungal test, molecular identification, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The pathogenic bacteria used in the antibacterial test were Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio alginolyticusFINDINGS: The antibacterial test results showed that eight isolates were capable of producing an inhibition zone against S. aureus, seven isolates were positive for antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi, and 10 isolates were positive for antibacterial activity against Vibrio alginolyticus. The pathogenic fungi used in the antifungal test were Malassezia furfur and Candida albicans. The antifungal test results demonstrated that six isolates could produce inhibition zones against Malassezia furfur and Candida albicans. Furthermore, molecular identification was carried out on six potential isolates based on the antibacterial and antifungal tests, which were X2.52, X1.65, X1.64, X1.53, X1.54, and X1.63. The molecular identification results revealed the occurrence of four species in the Xylocarpus granatum mangroves, namely, Sinomicrobium oceani, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas khazarica, and Alcaligenes aquatilis.CONCLUSION: The study found that the mangrove symbiont bacteria had antibacterial and antifungal potential. The compound with the highest concentration in six isolates was 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. This type of content has antibacterial potential and is also predicted to have antifungal potential.
