Environmental Management
A.Z. Bi; K.B. Umesh; B. Md Abdul; D. Sivakumar; P. Srikanth
Abstract
Ensuring the long-term sustainability of food systems and the welfare of current and future generations depends critically on the economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural production. Implementing strategies that maximize resource use, reduce environmental effect, and guarantee profitability ...
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Ensuring the long-term sustainability of food systems and the welfare of current and future generations depends critically on the economic and environmental sustainability of agricultural production. Implementing strategies that maximize resource use, reduce environmental effect, and guarantee profitability is necessary to achieve economic and environmental sustainability at the crop level. Farmers need to be able to support their costs of production and crop sales through agriculture. In order to sell their goods at competitive prices, farmers must handle problems including market monopolies, price instability, and fair trading practices. The use of land, water, fertilizer, and pesticides affects production costs and earnings. Farmers can employ a variety of techniques, including as crop rotation, cover crops, agro forestry, organic farming, carbon sequestration and decreased tillage, which enhance soil health and lessen erosion, to preserve environmental sustainability. Water management strategies, such rainwater collection, drip irrigation, and water recycling, are used to save water and ease the strain on freshwater resources. Moreover, using drones and global positioning system-guided tractors maximizes input application, lowers fuel consumption, and boosts overall agricultural productivity. Beneficial insects, birds, and other animals find a home when hedgerows, buffer strips, and wildlife corridors are kept up around and inside fields at crop level. Farmers may improve the resilience, profitability, and long-term viability of their farms while reducing their negative environmental effects and advancing wider sustainability goals by incorporating economic management, environmental and social sustainability concepts at the farm level. Economic management, which lowers market risk and stabilizes farm revenue, involves cost analysis, budgeting, and community supported agriculture. The goals of integrated pest management and organic farming are to preserve the sustainable environment, control diseases and pests at the farm level, and use less chemicals overall. In order to ensure social sustainability, farm workers must engage with their local communities and customers, support resilient local food systems, and have safe working conditions, access to healthcare, and an education that upholds human dignity and social equality. To address the problem of unsustainable production practices, accounting for them by bringing all aspects of sustainability under a single umbrella is paramount. In spite of widespread interest in sustainability in agriculture production at the crop level, very little work has been done towards measuring the economic and environmental sustainability of individual crops at the farm level, particularly in developing countries like India. In the present study, a framework was developed that determines the sustainability of a particular crop's output using farm level information. Micro level indicators of sustainability only for the relevant dimensions of sustainability, viz., economic and environmental sustainability, were compiled and evaluated for their relevance, usefulness, and measurability for agriculture at the crop level. The sustainability scores of farmers were found to be 50.99 and 67.65 under the composite sustainability score under rainfed conditions. The composite sustainability scores for the composite environmental conditions were found to be 45.58 and 40.03 under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. The economic sustainability indicator weights were found to be 30, 30, 15, 15, and 10 for the economic sustainable indicators 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. A further procedure for deriving composite indicators by aggregating individual indicators has been provided. The long-term viability of two sample respondents growing tomatoes was evaluated, demonstrating the applicability of the framework of agricultural production that balances environmental and economic sustainability at the crop level.
Environmental Science
P. Srikanth; D. Sivakumar; J. Nouri
Abstract
Microorganisms are present in nature and shape an enormous a half of our micro- and macro-environment. Quorum sensing is the process of intercellular conversation that enables microbes to perceive their surroundings and change their behaviour, allowing them to remain like cellular organisms. Both Gram-positive ...
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Microorganisms are present in nature and shape an enormous a half of our micro- and macro-environment. Quorum sensing is the process of intercellular conversation that enables microbes to perceive their surroundings and change their behaviour, allowing them to remain like cellular organisms. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms use quorum sensing frame work for communicating with every other, though there may be distinct quorum sensing pathways available in Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The scope of quorum sensing extends to inter-nation communication, mediate through numerous newly diagnosed extra-cell signal molecules known as autoinducers. The concentration of these signalling substances rises above a critical level when the population density does, causing particular gene expression patterns in the microorganisms. This may result in coordinated behaviours, including the development of biofilms, the generation of virulence factors, or other group activities. Without the ability to detect and react to the presence of their neighbours, microbial communities would not be able to adjust to changing environmental conditions or carry out collective actions that are essential for survival. Among those autoinducers, five major principal signal molecules are perturbed about side the classical quorum sensing system. The larger part of quorum sensing recognizing inhibitor takes bacterial quorum sensing share identifying as the even-handed and simply blocks the larger part recognizing plan of pathogenic organisms, which can demolish the pathogenicity of microorganisms without applying explicit squeezing factor, and doesn't execute the regular organisms or then again intrude with their standard physiological activities. To talk with each other, bacteria mix, release, and total minimal diffusible signal molecules, known as pheromones or autoinducers a pheromone (recognizing) depends upon its edge centre. Specific receptors found on the surface of the bacterial cell are required for the identification of pheromones or autoinducers. The proteins that can bind to diffusible signalling molecules often make up these receptors. These receptors bind to signalling molecules when their concentration rises over a predetermined threshold, setting off a signalling cascade that causes the bacteria to respond in concert. The prevailing article will speak about checking out basic variations between numerous quorum sensing systems in gram passitive and gram negative bacteria, and it is important to understand the communications of microorganisms in nature better. QS sensing will help as a regular language for signal communication of various microorganisms, yet the path where all proteins get the signals and turn on downstream sign transduction has changed phenomenally.
Environmental Science
D. Sivakumar; P. Srikanth; P. W. Ramteke; J. Nouri
Abstract
The amount of agricultural waste generated by agro-based industries such as palm oil, rubber, and wood processing plants have more than tripled. Selangor, Perak, and Johor account for 65.7 percent of the total number of recognised pollution sources in the manufacturing and agro-based sectors. Livestock ...
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The amount of agricultural waste generated by agro-based industries such as palm oil, rubber, and wood processing plants have more than tripled. Selangor, Perak, and Johor account for 65.7 percent of the total number of recognised pollution sources in the manufacturing and agro-based sectors. Livestock dung is another major cause of pollution, contributing significantly to increase pollution levels in the environment. Large portion of agro-industrial waste is untreated and unused, it is frequently disposed of by replicating or dumping then again off the cuff landfilling. These untreated wastes wreak havoc on natural change by releasing ozone-depleting chemicals. Aside from that, the usage of fossil fuels is also leading to an increase in ozone-depleting compounds. Agro-waste is a huge environmental hazard in the current epidemic situation. The management of agro-waste and the conversion of agro-waste into a usable product through the application of biotechnological technologies in agriculture are receiving a lot of attention in today''s world. Solid state fermentation is the finest approach for converting agro-waste into valuable bio products among biotechnological instruments. Various agro-wastes such as wheat straw, barley straw, cotton stalks, sunflower stacks, and oil cakes from various agriculture goods, as well as major horticulture wastes such as apple, mango, orange peels, and potato peels, were used to create beneficial products in this review. All aspects of the production of industrial products from various agro-waste by using microorganisms such as Amycolatopsis Mediterranean, Xanthomonas campestries, and Aspergillus niger producing biopolymers such as polysaccharides, similar to starch, cellulose, agar, hemi-celluloses, gelatin, alginate, and carrageenan are covered in the current revels. Yeasts and cyanobacteria are commonly employed to make bio-lipids, whereas Bacillus species are utilised to make proteins and bio-enzymes. Cucumber and orange strips, on the other hand, have recently been employed to create proteins and bio-enzymes. As a result, this review covers the many forms of agro-wastes and their by-products as well as biotechnological technologies used to treat them.
