Environmental Science
S.H. Larekeng; M. Nursaputra; M.F. Mappiasse; S. Ishak; M. Basyuni; E. Sumarga; V.B. Arifanti; A.A. Aznawi; Y.I. Rahmila; M. Yulianti; R. Rahmania; A. Mubaraq; S.G. Salmo III; H. Ali; I. Yenny
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon stocks. However, there is a lack of information on mangrove distribution and their carbon absorption abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap by gathering data on the ability of ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon stocks. However, there is a lack of information on mangrove distribution and their carbon absorption abilities. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap by gathering data on the ability of mangrove forest areas to absorb carbon stocks. Specifically, this study aims to assess the carbon absorption potential of the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem through field surveys, allometric calculations, and unmanned aerial vehicle imagery.METHODS: The methodology employed in this study consisted of field surveys, allometric calculations, and multispectral aerial imagery processing along the coastal of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, within the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem. Field surveys were conducted to determine the species composition of each mangrove stand and measure their diameter at breast height. The allometric formula was then used to calculate mangrove biomass, which was subsequently converted into carbon stock values. Aerial imagery was processed using the normalized difference vegetation index, followed by a regression analysis between normalized difference vegetation index and carbon stock values to obtain a carbon stock estimation model.FINDINGS: The results of the analysis of red-green-blue aerial imagery from the multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle has provided valuable insights into the extent of mangrove vegetation cover in the Lantebung mangrove forest area, revealing it to be 14.18 hectares. The normalized difference vegetation index results indicated that mangrove objects fall within a value range of 0.21–1, categorized into three density classes: high-, medium-, and low-density mangroves. The field surveys confirmed the presence of three types of mangroves in Lantebung Makassar, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Avicennia sp. The regression analysis conducted to assess the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index value and carbon stocks yielded the equation model carbon stock = 474.61, vegetation Index value + 17.238, with a linear regression value of 0.7945. The carbon stock values for low-density class mangrove areas were predicted to range between 17.24 and 288.64 tons carbon per hectare, medium-density mangroves' carbon stocks to be between 126.04 and 391.14 tons carbon per hectare, and high-density mangrove areas' carbon stocks to range from 258.04 to 491.85 tons carbon per hectare.CONCLUSION: The utilization of drones as a technique for monitoring carbon stocks has offered significant benefits. Drones equipped with multispectral sensors enable the collection of precise and comprehensive data on vegetation and elevation in many ecological systems. The survey and subsequent analysis highlighted the wide variation in the density of mangrove forests in the Lantebung mangrove ecosystem. This study demonstrated a strong correlation between the normalized difference vegetation index extracted using unmanned aerial vehicle and mangrove carbon levels obtained from actual field measurements.
Environmental Management
E.K. Purwendah; N.A. Sasongko; H. Susanto; R. Mawardi; T. Cahyono; H.L. Susilawati; T. Wahyuni; D. Juhandi; T. Rahman; A. Gustina; I.D.S. Triana; E. Pudyastiwi; O. Kusumaningsih; T. Martini
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The limited role of law enforcement agencies in the vast area provides opportunities for local community to contribute to mangrove ecosystem protection. This study emphasizes the importance of sustainable legal adherence by mangrove farmer groups in protecting the ecosystem ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The limited role of law enforcement agencies in the vast area provides opportunities for local community to contribute to mangrove ecosystem protection. This study emphasizes the importance of sustainable legal adherence by mangrove farmer groups in protecting the ecosystem through self-defence or community policing. It is essential for farmer groups to work together with legal institutions in order to defend the mangrove ecosystem from potential harm. This study seeks to resolve legal uncertainties related to the regulation of natural resources. Legal protection is crucial to ensure sustainability of mangrove ecosystem.METHODS: This study used multi-aspect sustainability analysis and normative-empirical legal methods. Primary data were collected by administering questionnaires and engaging in discussions with the Krida Wana Lestari Farmer Group community in Ujung Alang, Cilacap, Central Java. The data obtained from questionnare was assessed for its sustainability through the application of Multi-Aspect Sustainability Analysis. The analysis of sustainability value, which significantly impacts legal compliance in the future, was conducted using secondary data in the form of legal materials. This enabled the identification of priority areas for improvement.FINDINGS: Legal ambiguities in the protection and supervision of mangrove ecosystem require the participation of the Krida Wana Lestari Farmer Group community. Mangrove management involves the planting of seedlings and their subsequent utilization. Ecosystem protection is ensured through monitoring efforts within the Segara Anakan mangrove area, as well as through informal sanctions imposed by the local community in collaboration with the Nature Conservation Agency and the Village Trustee Non-Commissioned Officer.CONCLUSION: The limited role of law enforcement agencies provides opportunities for community to contribute to the protection. The role in conducting Jagawana Swakarsa (Community-based self-funded Forest Rangers) or community policing is crucial for sustainable mangrove ecosystem management. The engagement of farmer groups exemplifies the application of indigenous wisdom in preserving the environment, which is presently not regulated by the prevailing legal framework. The mangrove ecosystem provides farmers with economic benefits that contribute to their livelihoods. Not only do farmers have a strong social connection to the mangroves as their place of residence, but they also hold a political stake in ensuring the survival of these valuable ecosystems. Benefits, management, and monitoring aspects scored 100, 94.5, and 100, respectively. Sanctions aspect is sustainable with a score of 65 because forest guards and the authorities enforce forest destruction laws. Through their collaboration with the forestry police, they initiated community-driven endeavors. This united community plays a crucial role in enabling law enforcement to independently safeguard mangroves. The organizational significance lies in prioritizing regional law enforcement and fostering inclusive and comprehensive communication with the community.
Environmental Science
M. Basyuni; R. Syahbana; A.B. Rangkuti; N.A. Pradisty; A. Susilowati; L.A.M. Siregar; S.S. Al Mustaniroh; A.A. Aznawi; A. Mubaraq; E.R. Ardli; S.H. Larekeng; V. Leopardas; Y. Isowa; T. Kajita
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangrove forests in North Sumatra and Aceh are concentrated on the east coast of Sumatra Island. Mangrove habitats are highly productive, diversified, and ecologically and commercially significant ecosystems. However, they are vulnerable to both anthropogenic and natural hazards. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangrove forests in North Sumatra and Aceh are concentrated on the east coast of Sumatra Island. Mangrove habitats are highly productive, diversified, and ecologically and commercially significant ecosystems. However, they are vulnerable to both anthropogenic and natural hazards. The identification of coastal ecosystem species, such as mangrove and coastal forests, is very important in conserving and using the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems, which appears to be hindered by a lack of taxonomic and molecular expertise. This study aimed to address the lack of reference deoxyribonucleic acid barcodes from mangroves in North Sumatra and Aceh and assess the effectiveness of four deoxyribonucleic acid barcoding methods in terms of primer universality, successful identification rate, barcoding gap and species-tree inference, and then phylogenetic tree construction. METHODS: This study focused on selecting the main regions where mangroves are predominantly distributed in the provinces of North Sumatra and Aceh: Percut Sei Tuan and Deli Serdang mangrove areas, Pulau Sembilan and Lubuk Kertang of Langkat mangrove areas in North Sumatra, and Langsa mangrove areas in Aceh. The genomic deoxyribonucleic acid of mangrove plants was isolated from fresh leaf material using the Geneaid genomic deoxyribonucleic acid mini kit. Based on the guidance provided by the International Union for Biological Barcoding with four molecular sequences, deoxyribonucleic acid barcodes were chosen for amplification: chloroplast ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, maturase-K, transfer ribonucleic acid for histidine–photosystem II reaction center protein A, and nuclear genome internal transcribed spacer. The Tamura 3-parameter + Gamma method in molecular evolutionary genetics analysis X software was used to measure and describe the genetic distances between different species and within the same species. The construction of phylogenetic trees was carried out using the molecular evolutionary genetics analysis X from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, transfer ribonucleic acid for histidine–photosystem II reaction center protein A, Internal transcribed spacer, and maturase-K barcodes based on the bootstrap analysis conducted using 100 permutations.FINDINGS: This study showed that the primers ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, transfer ribonucleic acid for histidine–photosystem II reaction center protein A, internal transcribed spacer, and maturase-K had the highest success rates during amplification, which could be strong barcodes for enhancing taxonomic clarification and gaining insights into phylogenetic relationships. The primers ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, transfer ribonucleic acid for histidine–photosystem II reaction center protein A, internal transcribed spacer, and maturase-K had the highest success rates during amplification. The success rate for the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase gene was the highest (90% percent), followed by (86 percent), transfer ribonucleic acid for histidine–photosystem II react percent ion center protein Ainternal transcribed spacer (75 percent), and maturase-K (57 Percent). The significant differences were as follows: inter- and intraspecific genetic distance (probability (p) <0.001), maturase-K (probability = 0.0001), combination maturase-K + photosystem II reaction center protein A (probability = 0.0008), maturase-K + ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (probability = 0.0008), maturase-K + internal transcribed spacer (probability = 0.0003), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase + internal transcribed spacer (probability = 0.0002), photosystem II reaction center protein A + internal transcribed spacer (probability = 7.051e-05), and three combined markers maturase-K + photosystem II reaction center protein A + internal transcribed spacer (probability = 0.0007). It is noteworthy that the maturase-K barcode could construct the clustering and differentiate the mangrove species based on family and not from sites. The ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase barcode showed that members of Rhizophoraceae (Bruguiera parviflora, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora stylosa), Ptiredeacea (Acrostichum aureum), and Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae from Rubiaceae existed in one branch.CONCLUSION: This study provided a reference database both molecularly and taxonomically to strengthen biodiversity assessment and monitor mangrove forests. This database can be used to clarify the results of deoxyribonucleic acid barcodes for morphological and biochemical identification in the eastern coast of Sumatra.
Environmental Science
D. Ariyanto; D. Pringgenies
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A major function of mangroves is carbon sequestration in sediment. This study aimed to determine differences in carbon content in sediments in various types of mangroves and environmental parameters.METHODS: This study was carried out in Pesawaran as a natural mangrove and ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A major function of mangroves is carbon sequestration in sediment. This study aimed to determine differences in carbon content in sediments in various types of mangroves and environmental parameters.METHODS: This study was carried out in Pesawaran as a natural mangrove and in South Lampung as rehabilitated mangrove in Indonesia. Purposive sampling method was used by considering the types of mangroves at the locations. Sediment sampling was taken using a polyvinyl chloride pipe with a diameter of 47.46 milimeters and a height of 30 centimeters. The sediment parameters measured were bulk density, carbon stock, and sequestration. Environmental parameters measured included sediment texture, potential of hydrogen, temperature, salinity, and total dissolved solids. A statistical analysis was conducted using the principal component analysis to determine the relationship between the organic carbon stock and the environmental parameters.FINDINGS: The study results showed that natural mangroves (Pesawaran) had a higher organic carbon value at 2.2 ± 0.32 percent than rehabilitated mangroves (South Lampung) at 0.9 ± 0.25 percent. The principal component analysis results revealed that organic carbon, carbon dioxide equivalent, carbon stock, and carbon sequestration had positive correlation characteristics influenced by salinity, silt, and clay, while negative correlation characteristics were affected by temperature, total dissolved solids, and sand. The distribution of sediment texture tended to show more silt in rehabilitated mangroves, while natural mangroves tended to have the same composition between sand and silt. The potential of hydrogen conditions in natural and rehabilitated mangroves showed no significant differences in values. The salinity in Pesawaran, which was classified as a natural mangrove, was higher due to the influence of the tides and was directly facing the shoreline. Meanwhile, in South Lampung, which was categorized as a rehabilitated mangrove, the salinity was lower due to the long dry season and the canals being unable to support the water entering the mangroves.CONCLUSION: The organic carbon content at the research locations was influenced by the older age of the Rhizophora stylosa compared to that of the Rhizophora mucronata and Ceriop tagal types of mangroves. The carbon sequestration rate values showed 1.65–3.14 for natural mangroves and 0.29–1.25 for rehabilitated mangroves, thus establishing that the rate is higher (2–3 times) in natural mangroves than in rehabilitated mangroves.
Environmental Management
I. Listiana; D. Ariyanto
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Improving welfare requires continuous and various efforts, including enhancing social capital and local institutions for the preservation of mangrove forests. Reinforcing local social and institutional capital to enhance mangrove ecosystems is crucial for understanding the ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Improving welfare requires continuous and various efforts, including enhancing social capital and local institutions for the preservation of mangrove forests. Reinforcing local social and institutional capital to enhance mangrove ecosystems is crucial for understanding the intricate social systems necessary to conserve, manage, and restore mangrove ecosystem services. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between social capital and social institutions with the sustainability of mangrove rehabilitation in the Teluk Pandan and Padang Cermin districts of Lampung, Indonesia, in 2023.METHODS: This study analyzes the role of local social and institutional capital in the welfare of communities residing around mangrove forests in the Way Ratai district of Pesawaran Regency. This study employs a survey research approach, drawing samples from the population, and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. A sample of 300 respondents was selected based on the guidelines for Structural Equation Model analysis. The study was carried out in two sub-districts of Pesawaran Regency. The districts were deliberately chosen due to the fact that they are designated mangrove forest rehabilitation areas. Data collection took place from July to December 2023. Data analysis involved tabulation techniques and Structural Equation Model analysis using Linear Structural Relations.FINDINGS: The findings suggest that social institutions, such as customary practices, sanctions, and conflict, have a negative impact on mangrove rehabilitation and welfare. Increasing the social capital of communities surrounding mangrove forests has a significant influence on mangrove rehabilitation and welfare, including the fulfillment of basic needs like shelter, food, access to healthcare, and education. Community leaders oversee activities, encourage community involvement in mangrove rehabilitation, and ensure the smooth running of government programs.CONCLUSION: Social capital can be enhanced through group meetings, social gatherings, initiatives to raise awareness about tourism, and mangrove conservation groups. The goal of empowerment is to create self-sufficient and socially empowered communities capable of meeting their physical, economic, and social needs. This fosters self-confidence and allows them to voice their aspirations, secure their livelihoods, engage in social endeavors, and face life independently. Social capital influences community participation in mangrove rehabilitation.
Environmental Science
I. Listiana; D. Ariyanto
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves are unique plants distributed in tropical regions, such as Indonesia. Mangrove areas and various mangrove ecosystems have been lost in the past decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate community participation using structural equations modeling to enhance ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mangroves are unique plants distributed in tropical regions, such as Indonesia. Mangrove areas and various mangrove ecosystems have been lost in the past decades. The purpose of this study is to investigate community participation using structural equations modeling to enhance involvement in mangrove forest rehabilitation. The study was conducted in two sub-districts in East Lampung Regency, Lampung Province.METHODS: The study employed a survey method with quantitative descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Models analysis. The sampling method used was simple random sampling. The community under investigation is a part of the mangrove forest management group in Labuhan Maringgai and Pasir districts, Lampung, Indonesia. The total number of individuals who are members of the mangrove forest management group is 292, distributed with 140 in Margasari and 152 in Pasir Sakti District. The sample size in Margasari District was 81 respondents, and in Pasir Sakti, it was 87 respondents, totaling 168 respondents. The sample size determination was based on the Slovin formula, considering a precision of 5 percent when estimating the proportion of the population.FINDINGS: This study’s results show that the level of community participation in mangrove forest rehabilitation still falls within the low category, particularly in planning and evaluation, while implementation is categorized as medium. Community leaders often possess influence and authority that is recognized by community members. When these leaders actively support mangrove conservation, they can influence the opinions and actions of the entire community. In this capacity, they serve as role models, inspiring others to participate in mangrove conservation activities. Community participation includes planning, implementation, evaluation, and utilization of results. Participation influences welfare: the more active the community, the more space there will be to utilize mangrove products and interact with other community members, so that income, needs for food, and adequate housing can be met. Local working groups or initiatives that focus on mangrove conservation coordinate field activities and organize necessary resources and manpower.CONCLUSION: The role of community leaders, farmer groups, government support, and non-government organizations plays a key role in increasing community participation in mangrove forest rehabilitation. Additionally, the increase in non-formal education (training and mentoring), type of work, number of family dependents, length of residence, and distance to the mangrove location are crucial factors in enhancing community involvement.
Environmental Science
I. Dewiyanti; D. Darmawi; Z.A. Muchlisin; T.Z. Helmi
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Soil is an essential abiotic component serving as a habitat for numerous organisms, including cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in mangrove ecosystems. This bacteria could produce active enzymes needed to improve environmental quality by accelerating the organic matter decomposition. ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Soil is an essential abiotic component serving as a habitat for numerous organisms, including cellulolytic bacteria commonly found in mangrove ecosystems. This bacteria could produce active enzymes needed to improve environmental quality by accelerating the organic matter decomposition. The unique mangrove environment may contain new types of cellulolytic bacteria with new characteristics. Despite several mangrove areas being explored as sources of cellulolytic bacteria, there is currently unexplored data on its diversity in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Accordingly, it is necessary to analyze the molecular biological approach, namely the 16 svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene, to identify the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria and analyze the phylogenetic relationships between them.METHODS: Bacteria isolates were collected from mangrove soil at six research locations with three replications. A purposive sampling method was applied to determine the research location. Isolates from soil samples were streaked and purified in carboxymethyl cellulose as selective media for cellulolytic bacteria. Molecular identification adopted 16 svedberg ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing, and the sequencing data were matched with GenBank data. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic distance between species were evaluated using molecular evolutionary genetics analysis.FINDINGS: Thirteen isolates were sequenced, and nine species of cellulolytic bacteria dominated by the Bacillus genus were identified. These species exhibited an identity value of 97.77-100 percent when compared to data from GenBank, and B. velezensis was found to have a close relationship with B. amyloliquefaciens at a value of 0.002 percent. Interestingly, the non-rehabilitated mangrove areas had more bacterial species than the rehabilitated ones. Two Bacillus genus had different nucleotide bases, proving they were distinct species.CONCLUSION: Nine cellulolytic bacteria species were identified; the two closely interspecies genetic distance related were B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens, whereas the farthest were Bacillus sp1. and Bacillus sp2. Small genetic distances of interspecies indicate a close relationship between species. In comparing the two sampling sites, the non-rehabilitated mangrove contains higher bacterial cellulolytic species than the rehabilitated and Bacillus-dominated site. The findings provide valuable insights into the diversity of cellulolytic bacteria in mangrove ecosystems. The abundance of bacterial species could serve as sources of cellulase enzymes with different characteristics, essential in an environmental aquatic management.
Environmental Engineering
N. D. Takarina; O. M. Chuan; M. I. Afifudin; L. Tristan; I. Arif; A. Adiwibowo
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coastal ecosystems worldwide have been threatened by changing land use and environmental determinants. These conditions have impacted important marine resources, including fish diversity. Southeast Asia, one region experiencing massive land use change, still has limited information ...
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coastal ecosystems worldwide have been threatened by changing land use and environmental determinants. These conditions have impacted important marine resources, including fish diversity. Southeast Asia, one region experiencing massive land use change, still has limited information on how land use and disturbed coastal ecosystems impact fish diversity. This information is urgently needed as fish is one of the most important food resources here. This study aims to assess and compare the environment and tropical fish community between disturbed and intact sites, represented by coasts dominated by settlements and coasts dominated by mangrove forests in West Java, Indonesia.METHODS: Fish sampling was carried out at two sites: Jakarta as the disturbed site and Subang as the intact site; water quality was also measured at these sites. Land uses at the sites were interpreted using satellite imagery. Fish diversity was determined using the Shannon–Wiener index, rarefaction curve, and Lorenz graph. Principal component analysis, analysis of variance, and the x2-test were used to determine environmental factors that affected the fish community at both sites. Akaike’s information criterion was assigned to model the relationship between environmental factors and the fish community.FINDINGS: Coasts characterized by anthropogenic disturbances and the absence of mangrove cover have a lower potential of hydrogen (pH) and reduced fish diversity by up to 53.91%. The intact site had higher fish diversity and made a greater contribution to conservation by providing habitats for fish species with the least concern and vulnerability statuses, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. From the AIC model, the decreasing water pH (AICc = 27.28) was the main determinant that reduces fish diversity at disturbed sites compared to dissolved oxygen (Akaike’s information criterion = 28.13) and salinity (Akaike’s information criterion = 29.95).CONCLUSION: The coastal fish community was affected by differences in environmental factors, land uses, and mangrove cover driven by anthropogenic influences. The AIC model proved capable of assessing the effects of environmental factors on coastal fish communities. This study modeled environmental factors that should be managed and prioritized to restore and conserve the fish community along tropical coasts.
